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Dissolved organic carbon and trihalomethane precursor removal at a UK upland water treatment works

Rachel Gough, Peter Holliman Orcid Logo, Naomi Willis, Christopher Freeman

Science of The Total Environment, Volume: 468-469, Pages: 228 - 239

Swansea University Author: Peter Holliman Orcid Logo

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Abstract

The removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during potable water treatment is important for maintaining aesthetic water quality standards, minimising concentrations of micro-pollutants, controlling bacterial regrowth within distribution systems and, crucially, because it contains a sub-component t...

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Published in: Science of The Total Environment
ISSN: 0048-9697
Published: 2014
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa40680
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spelling 2019-09-18T16:54:23.0602538 v2 40680 2018-06-08 Dissolved organic carbon and trihalomethane precursor removal at a UK upland water treatment works c8f52394d776279c9c690dc26066ddf9 0000-0002-9911-8513 Peter Holliman Peter Holliman true false 2018-06-08 MTLS The removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during potable water treatment is important for maintaining aesthetic water quality standards, minimising concentrations of micro-pollutants, controlling bacterial regrowth within distribution systems and, crucially, because it contains a sub-component that can act as trihalomethane (THM) precursors. In this study, the concentration and characteristics of raw water DOC and THM formation potential (THMFP) entering an upland potable water treatment works were analysed over twelve months. Correlations between raw water DOC characteristics, standardised THMFP (STHMFP) and % DOC removal were also investigated. DOC and THM precursor removal during a series of treatment stages was examined over this period, as well as potential selectivity in the removal of DOC fractions, to assess the importance of different treatment stages for DOC removal and THM amelioration. Though THMFP removal remained high and fairly stable throughout the study period (83–89%), the data suggest that this was mostly the result of high DOC removal rates rather than the selective removal of THM precursors. Whilst this chemical agnosticism makes DOC removal more robust, it may make the overall process more vulnerable to exceeding permissible THM concentrations under changing climatic conditions. The kinetics of the reaction between DOC and chlorine appeared to vary seasonally, indicating temporal changes in the proportions of fast- and slow-reacting precursors with implications for THM concentrations at the point of delivery to the consumer. The initial treatment stages, comprising coagulation–flocculation and dissolved air floatation (DAF) were by far the most important in terms of bulk DOC removal and the preferential removal of THM precursors, though, surprisingly, DOC quality was also modified following chlorination and secondary rapid gravity filtration (RGF). Though net THM concentration decreased following initial treatment stages, a doubling in the proportion of brominated THMs (BrTHMs), which are reported to be more carcinogenic, was also observed. Journal Article Science of The Total Environment 468-469 228 239 0048-9697 Coagulation, Dissolved organic carbon, Size exclusion chromatography, Trihalomethanes, XAD fractionation 15 1 2014 2014-01-15 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.048 COLLEGE NANME Materials Science and Engineering COLLEGE CODE MTLS Swansea University 2019-09-18T16:54:23.0602538 2018-06-08T09:13:13.0815145 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering Rachel Gough 1 Peter Holliman 0000-0002-9911-8513 2 Naomi Willis 3 Christopher Freeman 4
title Dissolved organic carbon and trihalomethane precursor removal at a UK upland water treatment works
spellingShingle Dissolved organic carbon and trihalomethane precursor removal at a UK upland water treatment works
Peter Holliman
title_short Dissolved organic carbon and trihalomethane precursor removal at a UK upland water treatment works
title_full Dissolved organic carbon and trihalomethane precursor removal at a UK upland water treatment works
title_fullStr Dissolved organic carbon and trihalomethane precursor removal at a UK upland water treatment works
title_full_unstemmed Dissolved organic carbon and trihalomethane precursor removal at a UK upland water treatment works
title_sort Dissolved organic carbon and trihalomethane precursor removal at a UK upland water treatment works
author_id_str_mv c8f52394d776279c9c690dc26066ddf9
author_id_fullname_str_mv c8f52394d776279c9c690dc26066ddf9_***_Peter Holliman
author Peter Holliman
author2 Rachel Gough
Peter Holliman
Naomi Willis
Christopher Freeman
format Journal article
container_title Science of The Total Environment
container_volume 468-469
container_start_page 228
publishDate 2014
institution Swansea University
issn 0048-9697
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.048
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering
document_store_str 0
active_str 0
description The removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during potable water treatment is important for maintaining aesthetic water quality standards, minimising concentrations of micro-pollutants, controlling bacterial regrowth within distribution systems and, crucially, because it contains a sub-component that can act as trihalomethane (THM) precursors. In this study, the concentration and characteristics of raw water DOC and THM formation potential (THMFP) entering an upland potable water treatment works were analysed over twelve months. Correlations between raw water DOC characteristics, standardised THMFP (STHMFP) and % DOC removal were also investigated. DOC and THM precursor removal during a series of treatment stages was examined over this period, as well as potential selectivity in the removal of DOC fractions, to assess the importance of different treatment stages for DOC removal and THM amelioration. Though THMFP removal remained high and fairly stable throughout the study period (83–89%), the data suggest that this was mostly the result of high DOC removal rates rather than the selective removal of THM precursors. Whilst this chemical agnosticism makes DOC removal more robust, it may make the overall process more vulnerable to exceeding permissible THM concentrations under changing climatic conditions. The kinetics of the reaction between DOC and chlorine appeared to vary seasonally, indicating temporal changes in the proportions of fast- and slow-reacting precursors with implications for THM concentrations at the point of delivery to the consumer. The initial treatment stages, comprising coagulation–flocculation and dissolved air floatation (DAF) were by far the most important in terms of bulk DOC removal and the preferential removal of THM precursors, though, surprisingly, DOC quality was also modified following chlorination and secondary rapid gravity filtration (RGF). Though net THM concentration decreased following initial treatment stages, a doubling in the proportion of brominated THMs (BrTHMs), which are reported to be more carcinogenic, was also observed.
published_date 2014-01-15T03:51:47Z
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