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‘One Chance in a Thousand’: The Mission of Sumner Welles to Europe (Feb-Mar 1940), Rooseveltian Foreign Policy and Anglo-American Relations Nov 1937- May 1940 / J. Simon Rofe

Swansea University Author: J. Simon Rofe

DOI (Published version): 10.23889/Suthesis.51060

Abstract

This work presents a new analysis of the mission undertaken by Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles to Europe on behalf of President Roosevelt in February-March 1940.The thesis asks what Roosevelt’s motivations were for undertaking the mission, and what he sought to achieve from it. It considers t...

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Published: 2005
Institution: Swansea University
Degree level: Doctoral
Degree name: Ph.D
URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa51060
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spelling 2019-07-11T09:50:05.3475628 v2 51060 2019-07-10 ‘One Chance in a Thousand’: The Mission of Sumner Welles to Europe (Feb-Mar 1940), Rooseveltian Foreign Policy and Anglo-American Relations Nov 1937- May 1940 58d509d273638e59374cd8407ae6212c NULL J. Simon Rofe J. Simon Rofe true true 2019-07-10 This work presents a new analysis of the mission undertaken by Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles to Europe on behalf of President Roosevelt in February-March 1940.The thesis asks what Roosevelt’s motivations were for undertaking the mission, and what he sought to achieve from it. It considers that the Welles mission was an expression of a number of influences upon Roosevelt that date back to late 1937. These influences, or themes, which provide the broader context and run throughout the period up to the beginning of 1940, are as follows: firstly the integral role in Rooseveltian foreign policy played by Sumner Welles is considered. The second theme concerns the position of his superior, Secretary of State Cordell Hull, who was to counsel caution in the face of an increasingly serious world situation, whilst a third influence was the limits upon American foreign policymaking itself. The last element to be considered throughout this study is the influence of Anglo- American relations upon the Welles mission. Further, these themes are not distinct and are interrelated. And all were subject to the influence of an American public who were deeply interested in, but firmly against intervention in, European affairs.This work concludes that the mission that resulted developed multiple objectives after being bom out of a discussion between Roosevelt and Welles on the role the United States could play in achieving a sound and lasting peace in Europe. Such a hope, reckoned by Roosevelt to be ‘one chance in a thousand’, was at the outset incongruous with the situation in Europe. Roosevelt and Welles knew this to be the case, and pressed ahead because of the existence of other objectives that such a mission could achieve. These were the gathering of first-hand information by Welles from the four capitals of Europe, the perpetuation of Italian neutrality and the prolonging of the ‘phony war’. These objectives were never clarified by the protagonists and evolved in themselves through the deployment of the mission, thus requiring the analysis provided here. E-Thesis 31 12 2005 2005-12-31 10.23889/Suthesis.51060 COLLEGE NANME Political and Cultural Studies COLLEGE CODE Swansea University Doctoral Ph.D 2019-07-11T09:50:05.3475628 2019-07-10T16:13:19.1670731 Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences School of Culture and Communication - Politics, Philosophy and International Relations J. Simon Rofe NULL 1 J. Simon Rofe 2 0051060-10072019161826.pdf Rofe_Simon_J_PhD_Thesis_Final.pdf 2019-07-10T16:18:26.5770000 Output 11364025 application/pdf E-Thesis – open access true 2019-07-09T00:00:00.0000000 true
title ‘One Chance in a Thousand’: The Mission of Sumner Welles to Europe (Feb-Mar 1940), Rooseveltian Foreign Policy and Anglo-American Relations Nov 1937- May 1940
spellingShingle ‘One Chance in a Thousand’: The Mission of Sumner Welles to Europe (Feb-Mar 1940), Rooseveltian Foreign Policy and Anglo-American Relations Nov 1937- May 1940
J. Simon Rofe
title_short ‘One Chance in a Thousand’: The Mission of Sumner Welles to Europe (Feb-Mar 1940), Rooseveltian Foreign Policy and Anglo-American Relations Nov 1937- May 1940
title_full ‘One Chance in a Thousand’: The Mission of Sumner Welles to Europe (Feb-Mar 1940), Rooseveltian Foreign Policy and Anglo-American Relations Nov 1937- May 1940
title_fullStr ‘One Chance in a Thousand’: The Mission of Sumner Welles to Europe (Feb-Mar 1940), Rooseveltian Foreign Policy and Anglo-American Relations Nov 1937- May 1940
title_full_unstemmed ‘One Chance in a Thousand’: The Mission of Sumner Welles to Europe (Feb-Mar 1940), Rooseveltian Foreign Policy and Anglo-American Relations Nov 1937- May 1940
title_sort ‘One Chance in a Thousand’: The Mission of Sumner Welles to Europe (Feb-Mar 1940), Rooseveltian Foreign Policy and Anglo-American Relations Nov 1937- May 1940
author_id_str_mv 58d509d273638e59374cd8407ae6212c
author_id_fullname_str_mv 58d509d273638e59374cd8407ae6212c_***_J. Simon Rofe
author J. Simon Rofe
author2 J. Simon Rofe
J. Simon Rofe
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publishDate 2005
institution Swansea University
doi_str_mv 10.23889/Suthesis.51060
college_str Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofhumanitiesandsocialsciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofhumanitiesandsocialsciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
department_str School of Culture and Communication - Politics, Philosophy and International Relations{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Culture and Communication - Politics, Philosophy and International Relations
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description This work presents a new analysis of the mission undertaken by Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles to Europe on behalf of President Roosevelt in February-March 1940.The thesis asks what Roosevelt’s motivations were for undertaking the mission, and what he sought to achieve from it. It considers that the Welles mission was an expression of a number of influences upon Roosevelt that date back to late 1937. These influences, or themes, which provide the broader context and run throughout the period up to the beginning of 1940, are as follows: firstly the integral role in Rooseveltian foreign policy played by Sumner Welles is considered. The second theme concerns the position of his superior, Secretary of State Cordell Hull, who was to counsel caution in the face of an increasingly serious world situation, whilst a third influence was the limits upon American foreign policymaking itself. The last element to be considered throughout this study is the influence of Anglo- American relations upon the Welles mission. Further, these themes are not distinct and are interrelated. And all were subject to the influence of an American public who were deeply interested in, but firmly against intervention in, European affairs.This work concludes that the mission that resulted developed multiple objectives after being bom out of a discussion between Roosevelt and Welles on the role the United States could play in achieving a sound and lasting peace in Europe. Such a hope, reckoned by Roosevelt to be ‘one chance in a thousand’, was at the outset incongruous with the situation in Europe. Roosevelt and Welles knew this to be the case, and pressed ahead because of the existence of other objectives that such a mission could achieve. These were the gathering of first-hand information by Welles from the four capitals of Europe, the perpetuation of Italian neutrality and the prolonging of the ‘phony war’. These objectives were never clarified by the protagonists and evolved in themselves through the deployment of the mission, thus requiring the analysis provided here.
published_date 2005-12-31T04:02:49Z
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