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The stress–immunity axis in shellfish

Christopher Coates, Kenneth Söderhäll

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, Volume: 186, Issue: November 2021, Start page: 107492

Swansea University Author: Christopher Coates

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107492

Abstract

It is a difficult task to describe what constitutes a ‘healthy’ shellfish (e.g., crustacean, bivalve). Visible defects such as discolouration, missing limbs or spines, fouling, lesions, and exoskeletal fractures can be indicative of underlying issues, senescence, or a ‘stressed’ animal. The absence...

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Published in: Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
ISSN: 0022-2011
Published: Elsevier BV 2020
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa55403
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spelling 2021-12-06T14:43:55.7307839 v2 55403 2020-10-12 The stress–immunity axis in shellfish af160934b75bea5b8ba83d68b3d1a003 Christopher Coates Christopher Coates true false 2020-10-12 It is a difficult task to describe what constitutes a ‘healthy’ shellfish (e.g., crustacean, bivalve). Visible defects such as discolouration, missing limbs or spines, fouling, lesions, and exoskeletal fractures can be indicative of underlying issues, senescence, or a ‘stressed’ animal. The absence of such symptoms is not evidence of a disease-free or a stress-free state. Now, more than ever, aquatic invertebrates must cope with acute and chronic environmental perturbations, such as, heatwaves and cold shocks, xenobiotic contaminants, intoxication events, and promiscuous pathogens expanding their host and geographic ranges. With that in mind, how does one determine the extent to which shellfish become stressed in situ (natural) or in cultured (artificial) settings to enhance disease susceptibility? Many biomarkers – predominantly biochemical and cellular measures of shellfish blood (haemolymph) – are considered to gauge immunosuppression and immunocompetence. Such measures range from immune cell (haemocyte) counts to enzymic activities and metabolite quantitation. Stressed invertebrates often reflect degraded conditions of their ecosystems, referred to as environmental indicators. We audit briefly the broad immune functions of shellfish, how they are modulated by known and emerging stressors, and discuss these concepts with respect to neuroendocrinology and immunotoxicology. We assert that chronic stress, alone or in combination with microbial, chemical and abiotic factors, increases the risk of infectious disease in shellfish, exacerbates idiopathic morbidity, and reduces the likelihood of recovery. Acute stress events can lead to immunomodulation, but these effects are largely transient. Enhancing our understanding of shellfish health and immunity is imperative for tackling losses at each stage of the aquatic food cycle and disease outbreaks in the wild. Journal Article Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 186 November 2021 107492 Elsevier BV 0022-2011 Disease connectivity; Haemolymph biomarkers; Immunocompetence; Immunosuppression; Innate immunity; Neuroendocrinology; Microplastics 18 10 2020 2020-10-18 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107492 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University 2021-12-06T14:43:55.7307839 2020-10-12T16:03:40.4932084 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences Christopher Coates 1 Kenneth Söderhäll 2 55403__18412__2ad90b0b64174320a401e92407b38567.pdf Sress- Immunity Axis in crustaceans_ACCEPTED.pdf 2020-10-12T16:07:21.7019944 Output 870796 application/pdf Accepted Manuscript true 2021-10-18T00:00:00.0000000 ©2020 All rights reserved. All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License (CC-BY-NC-ND) true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
title The stress–immunity axis in shellfish
spellingShingle The stress–immunity axis in shellfish
Christopher Coates
title_short The stress–immunity axis in shellfish
title_full The stress–immunity axis in shellfish
title_fullStr The stress–immunity axis in shellfish
title_full_unstemmed The stress–immunity axis in shellfish
title_sort The stress–immunity axis in shellfish
author_id_str_mv af160934b75bea5b8ba83d68b3d1a003
author_id_fullname_str_mv af160934b75bea5b8ba83d68b3d1a003_***_Christopher Coates
author Christopher Coates
author2 Christopher Coates
Kenneth Söderhäll
format Journal article
container_title Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
container_volume 186
container_issue November 2021
container_start_page 107492
publishDate 2020
institution Swansea University
issn 0022-2011
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107492
publisher Elsevier BV
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description It is a difficult task to describe what constitutes a ‘healthy’ shellfish (e.g., crustacean, bivalve). Visible defects such as discolouration, missing limbs or spines, fouling, lesions, and exoskeletal fractures can be indicative of underlying issues, senescence, or a ‘stressed’ animal. The absence of such symptoms is not evidence of a disease-free or a stress-free state. Now, more than ever, aquatic invertebrates must cope with acute and chronic environmental perturbations, such as, heatwaves and cold shocks, xenobiotic contaminants, intoxication events, and promiscuous pathogens expanding their host and geographic ranges. With that in mind, how does one determine the extent to which shellfish become stressed in situ (natural) or in cultured (artificial) settings to enhance disease susceptibility? Many biomarkers – predominantly biochemical and cellular measures of shellfish blood (haemolymph) – are considered to gauge immunosuppression and immunocompetence. Such measures range from immune cell (haemocyte) counts to enzymic activities and metabolite quantitation. Stressed invertebrates often reflect degraded conditions of their ecosystems, referred to as environmental indicators. We audit briefly the broad immune functions of shellfish, how they are modulated by known and emerging stressors, and discuss these concepts with respect to neuroendocrinology and immunotoxicology. We assert that chronic stress, alone or in combination with microbial, chemical and abiotic factors, increases the risk of infectious disease in shellfish, exacerbates idiopathic morbidity, and reduces the likelihood of recovery. Acute stress events can lead to immunomodulation, but these effects are largely transient. Enhancing our understanding of shellfish health and immunity is imperative for tackling losses at each stage of the aquatic food cycle and disease outbreaks in the wild.
published_date 2020-10-18T04:09:35Z
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