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Parental income inequality and children’s digit ratio (2D:4D): a ‘Trivers-Willard’ effect on prenatal androgenization?

John Manning, B. Fink, Laura Mason Orcid Logo, R. Trivers

Journal of Biosocial Science, Pages: 1 - 9

Swansea University Authors: John Manning, Laura Mason Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1017/s0021932021000043

Abstract

Income inequality is associated positively with disease prevalence and mortality. Digit ratio (2D:4D) – a negative proxy for prenatal testosterone and a positive correlate of prenatal oestrogen – is related to several diseases. This study examined the association of income inequality (operationalize...

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Published in: Journal of Biosocial Science
ISSN: 0021-9320 1469-7599
Published: Cambridge University Press (CUP) 2021
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa56227
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first_indexed 2021-02-10T09:04:08Z
last_indexed 2021-09-07T03:19:26Z
id cronfa56227
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spelling 2021-09-06T16:20:35.6831603 v2 56227 2021-02-10 Parental income inequality and children’s digit ratio (2D:4D): a ‘Trivers-Willard’ effect on prenatal androgenization? d106a326bbb29a053d2b8c7f8ad9a3f8 John Manning John Manning true false ef88a9ba99af7706e3e80e418f482e0a 0000-0002-9679-7063 Laura Mason Laura Mason true false 2021-02-10 FGSEN Income inequality is associated positively with disease prevalence and mortality. Digit ratio (2D:4D) – a negative proxy for prenatal testosterone and a positive correlate of prenatal oestrogen – is related to several diseases. This study examined the association of income inequality (operationalized as relative parental income) and children’s 2D:4D. Participants self-measured finger lengths (2D=index finger, and 4D=ring finger) in a large online survey conducted in July 2005 (the BBC Internet Study) and reported their parents’ income. Children of parents of above-average income had low 2D:4D (high prenatal testosterone, low prenatal oestrogen) while the children of parents of below-average income had high 2D:4D (low prenatal testosterone, high prenatal oestrogen). The effects were significant in the total sample, present among Whites (the largest group in the sample), in the two largest national samples (UK and USA) and were greater for males than females. The findings suggest a Trivers-Willard effect, such that high-income women may prenatally masculinize their sons at the expense of the fitness of their daughters. Women with low income may prenatally feminize their daughters at the fitness expense of their sons. The effect could, in part, explain associations between low income, high 2D:4D (low prenatal testosterone) and some major causes of mortality such as cardiovascular disease. Journal Article Journal of Biosocial Science 1 9 Cambridge University Press (CUP) 0021-9320 1469-7599 2D:4D; Income disparity; Trivers-Willard hypothesis 9 2 2021 2021-02-09 10.1017/s0021932021000043 COLLEGE NANME Science and Engineering - Faculty COLLEGE CODE FGSEN Swansea University 2021-09-06T16:20:35.6831603 2021-02-10T09:00:04.5923333 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Sport and Exercise Sciences John Manning 1 B. Fink 2 Laura Mason 0000-0002-9679-7063 3 R. Trivers 4
title Parental income inequality and children’s digit ratio (2D:4D): a ‘Trivers-Willard’ effect on prenatal androgenization?
spellingShingle Parental income inequality and children’s digit ratio (2D:4D): a ‘Trivers-Willard’ effect on prenatal androgenization?
John Manning
Laura Mason
title_short Parental income inequality and children’s digit ratio (2D:4D): a ‘Trivers-Willard’ effect on prenatal androgenization?
title_full Parental income inequality and children’s digit ratio (2D:4D): a ‘Trivers-Willard’ effect on prenatal androgenization?
title_fullStr Parental income inequality and children’s digit ratio (2D:4D): a ‘Trivers-Willard’ effect on prenatal androgenization?
title_full_unstemmed Parental income inequality and children’s digit ratio (2D:4D): a ‘Trivers-Willard’ effect on prenatal androgenization?
title_sort Parental income inequality and children’s digit ratio (2D:4D): a ‘Trivers-Willard’ effect on prenatal androgenization?
author_id_str_mv d106a326bbb29a053d2b8c7f8ad9a3f8
ef88a9ba99af7706e3e80e418f482e0a
author_id_fullname_str_mv d106a326bbb29a053d2b8c7f8ad9a3f8_***_John Manning
ef88a9ba99af7706e3e80e418f482e0a_***_Laura Mason
author John Manning
Laura Mason
author2 John Manning
B. Fink
Laura Mason
R. Trivers
format Journal article
container_title Journal of Biosocial Science
container_start_page 1
publishDate 2021
institution Swansea University
issn 0021-9320
1469-7599
doi_str_mv 10.1017/s0021932021000043
publisher Cambridge University Press (CUP)
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Sport and Exercise Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Sport and Exercise Sciences
document_store_str 0
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description Income inequality is associated positively with disease prevalence and mortality. Digit ratio (2D:4D) – a negative proxy for prenatal testosterone and a positive correlate of prenatal oestrogen – is related to several diseases. This study examined the association of income inequality (operationalized as relative parental income) and children’s 2D:4D. Participants self-measured finger lengths (2D=index finger, and 4D=ring finger) in a large online survey conducted in July 2005 (the BBC Internet Study) and reported their parents’ income. Children of parents of above-average income had low 2D:4D (high prenatal testosterone, low prenatal oestrogen) while the children of parents of below-average income had high 2D:4D (low prenatal testosterone, high prenatal oestrogen). The effects were significant in the total sample, present among Whites (the largest group in the sample), in the two largest national samples (UK and USA) and were greater for males than females. The findings suggest a Trivers-Willard effect, such that high-income women may prenatally masculinize their sons at the expense of the fitness of their daughters. Women with low income may prenatally feminize their daughters at the fitness expense of their sons. The effect could, in part, explain associations between low income, high 2D:4D (low prenatal testosterone) and some major causes of mortality such as cardiovascular disease.
published_date 2021-02-09T04:11:01Z
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score 11.016235

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