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Coastal restoration success via emergent trait-mimicry is context dependent

Tjisse van der Heide, Ralph J.M. Temmink, Greg S. Fivash, Tjeerd J. Bouma, Christoffer Boström, Karin Didderen, Nicole Esteban Orcid Logo, Jeffrey Gaeckle, Karine Gagnon, Eduardo Infantes, Johan van de Koppel, Wouter Lengkeek, Richard Unsworth Orcid Logo, Marjolijn J.A. Christianen

Biological Conservation, Volume: 264, Start page: 109373

Swansea University Authors: Nicole Esteban Orcid Logo, Richard Unsworth Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109373

Abstract

Coastal ecosystems provide vital ecosystem functions and services, but have been rapidly degrading due to human impacts. Restoration is increasingly considered key to reversing these losses, but is often unsuccessful. Recent work on seagrasses and salt marsh cordgrasses highlights that restoration y...

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Published in: Biological Conservation
ISSN: 0006-3207
Published: Elsevier BV 2021
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa58645
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Results show that by mimicking sediment-stabilizing root mats, seagrass transplant survival, growth and expansion was strongly enhanced in hydrodynamically exposed environments. However, these positive effects decreased and turned negative under benign conditions, while mimics insufficiently mitigated physical stress in extremely exposed environments, illustrating upper and lower limits of the application. Furthermore, we found that aboveground structures, designed to mimic stiff rather than flexible vegetation canopies, underperformed compared to belowground mimics. 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spelling 2021-12-20T16:30:20.2479958 v2 58645 2021-11-15 Coastal restoration success via emergent trait-mimicry is context dependent fb2e760b83b4580e7445092982f1f319 0000-0003-4693-7221 Nicole Esteban Nicole Esteban true false b0f33acd13a3ab541cf2aaea27f4fc2f 0000-0003-0036-9724 Richard Unsworth Richard Unsworth true false 2021-11-15 SBI Coastal ecosystems provide vital ecosystem functions and services, but have been rapidly degrading due to human impacts. Restoration is increasingly considered key to reversing these losses, but is often unsuccessful. Recent work on seagrasses and salt marsh cordgrasses highlights that restoration yields can be greatly enhanced by temporarily mimicking key emergent traits. These traits are not expressed by individual seedlings or small clones, but emerge in clumped individuals or large clones to locally suppress environmental stress, causing establishment thresholds where such density-dependent self-facilitation is important for persistence. It remains unclear, however, to what extent the efficacy of restoration via emergent trait-based mimicry depends on the intensity of stressors. We test this in a restoration experiment with the temperate seagrass Zostera marina at four sites (Finland, Sweden, UK, USA) with contrasting hydrodynamic regimes, where we simulated dense roots mats or vegetation canopies with biodegradable structural mimics. Results show that by mimicking sediment-stabilizing root mats, seagrass transplant survival, growth and expansion was strongly enhanced in hydrodynamically exposed environments. However, these positive effects decreased and turned negative under benign conditions, while mimics insufficiently mitigated physical stress in extremely exposed environments, illustrating upper and lower limits of the application. Furthermore, we found that aboveground structures, designed to mimic stiff rather than flexible vegetation canopies, underperformed compared to belowground mimics. Our findings emphasize the importance of understanding the conditions at the restoration site, species-specific growth requirements, and self-facilitating traits that organisms may express when applying emergent trait-mimicry as a tool to improve restoration success. Journal Article Biological Conservation 264 109373 Elsevier BV 0006-3207 Emergent traits; Mimicry; Self-facilitation; Positive feedback; Foundation species; Ecosystem engineer; Ecosystem restoration; Seagrass 1 12 2021 2021-12-01 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109373 COLLEGE NANME Biosciences COLLEGE CODE SBI Swansea University NWO/TTW-OTP grant 14424; EU-H2020 project MERCES grant 689518; NWO-Veni grant 181002; NWO/TTW-Vidi grant 16588; e Åbo Akademi University Foundation; FORMAS grant Dnr 2019-01192; European Regional Development Fund via the SEACAMS2 project. 2021-12-20T16:30:20.2479958 2021-11-15T09:55:14.4760171 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences Tjisse van der Heide 1 Ralph J.M. Temmink 2 Greg S. Fivash 3 Tjeerd J. Bouma 4 Christoffer Boström 5 Karin Didderen 6 Nicole Esteban 0000-0003-4693-7221 7 Jeffrey Gaeckle 8 Karine Gagnon 9 Eduardo Infantes 10 Johan van de Koppel 11 Wouter Lengkeek 12 Richard Unsworth 0000-0003-0036-9724 13 Marjolijn J.A. Christianen 14 58645__21730__e9b444297729480c8a5d718a65e28547.pdf 58645.pdf 2021-11-30T12:06:47.4556275 Output 2528826 application/pdf Version of Record true This is an open access article under the CC BY license true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Coastal restoration success via emergent trait-mimicry is context dependent
spellingShingle Coastal restoration success via emergent trait-mimicry is context dependent
Nicole Esteban
Richard Unsworth
title_short Coastal restoration success via emergent trait-mimicry is context dependent
title_full Coastal restoration success via emergent trait-mimicry is context dependent
title_fullStr Coastal restoration success via emergent trait-mimicry is context dependent
title_full_unstemmed Coastal restoration success via emergent trait-mimicry is context dependent
title_sort Coastal restoration success via emergent trait-mimicry is context dependent
author_id_str_mv fb2e760b83b4580e7445092982f1f319
b0f33acd13a3ab541cf2aaea27f4fc2f
author_id_fullname_str_mv fb2e760b83b4580e7445092982f1f319_***_Nicole Esteban
b0f33acd13a3ab541cf2aaea27f4fc2f_***_Richard Unsworth
author Nicole Esteban
Richard Unsworth
author2 Tjisse van der Heide
Ralph J.M. Temmink
Greg S. Fivash
Tjeerd J. Bouma
Christoffer Boström
Karin Didderen
Nicole Esteban
Jeffrey Gaeckle
Karine Gagnon
Eduardo Infantes
Johan van de Koppel
Wouter Lengkeek
Richard Unsworth
Marjolijn J.A. Christianen
format Journal article
container_title Biological Conservation
container_volume 264
container_start_page 109373
publishDate 2021
institution Swansea University
issn 0006-3207
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109373
publisher Elsevier BV
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Coastal ecosystems provide vital ecosystem functions and services, but have been rapidly degrading due to human impacts. Restoration is increasingly considered key to reversing these losses, but is often unsuccessful. Recent work on seagrasses and salt marsh cordgrasses highlights that restoration yields can be greatly enhanced by temporarily mimicking key emergent traits. These traits are not expressed by individual seedlings or small clones, but emerge in clumped individuals or large clones to locally suppress environmental stress, causing establishment thresholds where such density-dependent self-facilitation is important for persistence. It remains unclear, however, to what extent the efficacy of restoration via emergent trait-based mimicry depends on the intensity of stressors. We test this in a restoration experiment with the temperate seagrass Zostera marina at four sites (Finland, Sweden, UK, USA) with contrasting hydrodynamic regimes, where we simulated dense roots mats or vegetation canopies with biodegradable structural mimics. Results show that by mimicking sediment-stabilizing root mats, seagrass transplant survival, growth and expansion was strongly enhanced in hydrodynamically exposed environments. However, these positive effects decreased and turned negative under benign conditions, while mimics insufficiently mitigated physical stress in extremely exposed environments, illustrating upper and lower limits of the application. Furthermore, we found that aboveground structures, designed to mimic stiff rather than flexible vegetation canopies, underperformed compared to belowground mimics. Our findings emphasize the importance of understanding the conditions at the restoration site, species-specific growth requirements, and self-facilitating traits that organisms may express when applying emergent trait-mimicry as a tool to improve restoration success.
published_date 2021-12-01T04:15:20Z
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