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A simulation study of drone delivery of Automated External Defibrillator (AED) in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in the UK

Nigel Rees Orcid Logo, Jeremy Howitt, Nigel Breyley, Phil Geoghegan, Carl Powel

PLOS ONE, Volume: 16, Issue: 11, Start page: e0259555

Swansea University Author: Nigel Rees Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1371/journal.pone.0259555

Abstract

Background: Drones are increasingly used in healthcare, and feasibility studies of deployment of Automated External Defibrillators (AED) in Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) have been conducted. Despite the potential contribution of drones to healthcare, regulatory barriers exist, including limi...

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Published in: PLOS ONE
ISSN: 1932-6203
Published: Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
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fullrecord <?xml version="1.0"?><rfc1807><datestamp>2021-12-07T11:58:18.9997285</datestamp><bib-version>v2</bib-version><id>58722</id><entry>2021-11-22</entry><title>A simulation study of drone delivery of Automated External Defibrillator (AED) in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in the UK</title><swanseaauthors><author><sid>8c440a0df599a0b6eef3927ebd515b72</sid><ORCID>0000-0001-8799-5335</ORCID><firstname>Nigel</firstname><surname>Rees</surname><name>Nigel Rees</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>true</ethesisStudent></author></swanseaauthors><date>2021-11-22</date><abstract>Background: Drones are increasingly used in healthcare, and feasibility studies of deployment of Automated External Defibrillators (AED) in Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) have been conducted. Despite the potential contribution of drones to healthcare, regulatory barriers exist, including limits on flights beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS). The aim of this project was to deliver an AED BVLOS in Wales. Methods: We developed of a Concept of Operations (CONOPS) to identify requirements, constraints, organisation and roles and responsibilities associated with deploying a drone to deliver an AED BVLOS. We equipped a Penguin B drone with satellite-enabled technology to enhance situational awareness and safety for the remote pilot. A BVLOS Operating Safety Case and three-week flight test programme was conducted with an AED attached directly to parachute for deployment to simulated OHCA. Results: We completed six flights totalling 92km, 1:02.5 hours of flight time and four successful parachute payload drops. We conducted a successful end-to-end flight demonstration of an AED delivered via BVLOS by drone to a simulated OHCA and resuscitation by lay responder&#x2019;s in a remote location; the final delivery of 4.5km was completed in 2:50 minutes. Conclusion: We have delivered an AED by parachute, from fixed wing drone BVLOS in the UK in simulated OHCA. This project adds to the body of knowledge required for regulatory assurance on drone use BVLOS. Further research is needed before routine use of this technology.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>PLOS ONE</journal><volume>16</volume><journalNumber>11</journalNumber><paginationStart>e0259555</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint/><issnElectronic>1932-6203</issnElectronic><keywords/><publishedDay>15</publishedDay><publishedMonth>11</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2021</publishedYear><publishedDate>2021-11-15</publishedDate><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0259555</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Swansea University Medical School</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm/><funders>The project was 80% funded by the UK Space Agency and 20% funded by Snowdonia Aerospace LLP, Swiftflight Avionics Ltd. and the University of Mancheste</funders><lastEdited>2021-12-07T11:58:18.9997285</lastEdited><Created>2021-11-22T09:47:57.5789263</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences</level><level id="2">School of Health and Social Care - Healthcare Science</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Nigel</firstname><surname>Rees</surname><orcid>0000-0001-8799-5335</orcid><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Jeremy</firstname><surname>Howitt</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Nigel</firstname><surname>Breyley</surname><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Phil</firstname><surname>Geoghegan</surname><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Carl</firstname><surname>Powel</surname><order>5</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>58722__21613__b1edae5bd2004c00b860642859ee1794.pdf</filename><originalFilename>pone.0259555.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2021-11-22T09:47:57.5786029</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>327109</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>&#xA9; 2021 Rees et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</documentNotes><copyrightCorrect>true</copyrightCorrect><language>eng</language><licence>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</licence></document></documents><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling 2021-12-07T11:58:18.9997285 v2 58722 2021-11-22 A simulation study of drone delivery of Automated External Defibrillator (AED) in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in the UK 8c440a0df599a0b6eef3927ebd515b72 0000-0001-8799-5335 Nigel Rees Nigel Rees true true 2021-11-22 Background: Drones are increasingly used in healthcare, and feasibility studies of deployment of Automated External Defibrillators (AED) in Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) have been conducted. Despite the potential contribution of drones to healthcare, regulatory barriers exist, including limits on flights beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS). The aim of this project was to deliver an AED BVLOS in Wales. Methods: We developed of a Concept of Operations (CONOPS) to identify requirements, constraints, organisation and roles and responsibilities associated with deploying a drone to deliver an AED BVLOS. We equipped a Penguin B drone with satellite-enabled technology to enhance situational awareness and safety for the remote pilot. A BVLOS Operating Safety Case and three-week flight test programme was conducted with an AED attached directly to parachute for deployment to simulated OHCA. Results: We completed six flights totalling 92km, 1:02.5 hours of flight time and four successful parachute payload drops. We conducted a successful end-to-end flight demonstration of an AED delivered via BVLOS by drone to a simulated OHCA and resuscitation by lay responder’s in a remote location; the final delivery of 4.5km was completed in 2:50 minutes. Conclusion: We have delivered an AED by parachute, from fixed wing drone BVLOS in the UK in simulated OHCA. This project adds to the body of knowledge required for regulatory assurance on drone use BVLOS. Further research is needed before routine use of this technology. Journal Article PLOS ONE 16 11 e0259555 Public Library of Science (PLoS) 1932-6203 15 11 2021 2021-11-15 10.1371/journal.pone.0259555 COLLEGE NANME Swansea University Medical School COLLEGE CODE Swansea University The project was 80% funded by the UK Space Agency and 20% funded by Snowdonia Aerospace LLP, Swiftflight Avionics Ltd. and the University of Mancheste 2021-12-07T11:58:18.9997285 2021-11-22T09:47:57.5789263 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences School of Health and Social Care - Healthcare Science Nigel Rees 0000-0001-8799-5335 1 Jeremy Howitt 2 Nigel Breyley 3 Phil Geoghegan 4 Carl Powel 5 58722__21613__b1edae5bd2004c00b860642859ee1794.pdf pone.0259555.pdf 2021-11-22T09:47:57.5786029 Output 327109 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2021 Rees et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title A simulation study of drone delivery of Automated External Defibrillator (AED) in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in the UK
spellingShingle A simulation study of drone delivery of Automated External Defibrillator (AED) in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in the UK
Nigel Rees
title_short A simulation study of drone delivery of Automated External Defibrillator (AED) in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in the UK
title_full A simulation study of drone delivery of Automated External Defibrillator (AED) in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in the UK
title_fullStr A simulation study of drone delivery of Automated External Defibrillator (AED) in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in the UK
title_full_unstemmed A simulation study of drone delivery of Automated External Defibrillator (AED) in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in the UK
title_sort A simulation study of drone delivery of Automated External Defibrillator (AED) in Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) in the UK
author_id_str_mv 8c440a0df599a0b6eef3927ebd515b72
author_id_fullname_str_mv 8c440a0df599a0b6eef3927ebd515b72_***_Nigel Rees
author Nigel Rees
author2 Nigel Rees
Jeremy Howitt
Nigel Breyley
Phil Geoghegan
Carl Powel
format Journal article
container_title PLOS ONE
container_volume 16
container_issue 11
container_start_page e0259555
publishDate 2021
institution Swansea University
issn 1932-6203
doi_str_mv 10.1371/journal.pone.0259555
publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
college_str Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str School of Health and Social Care - Healthcare Science{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Health and Social Care - Healthcare Science
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Background: Drones are increasingly used in healthcare, and feasibility studies of deployment of Automated External Defibrillators (AED) in Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) have been conducted. Despite the potential contribution of drones to healthcare, regulatory barriers exist, including limits on flights beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS). The aim of this project was to deliver an AED BVLOS in Wales. Methods: We developed of a Concept of Operations (CONOPS) to identify requirements, constraints, organisation and roles and responsibilities associated with deploying a drone to deliver an AED BVLOS. We equipped a Penguin B drone with satellite-enabled technology to enhance situational awareness and safety for the remote pilot. A BVLOS Operating Safety Case and three-week flight test programme was conducted with an AED attached directly to parachute for deployment to simulated OHCA. Results: We completed six flights totalling 92km, 1:02.5 hours of flight time and four successful parachute payload drops. We conducted a successful end-to-end flight demonstration of an AED delivered via BVLOS by drone to a simulated OHCA and resuscitation by lay responder’s in a remote location; the final delivery of 4.5km was completed in 2:50 minutes. Conclusion: We have delivered an AED by parachute, from fixed wing drone BVLOS in the UK in simulated OHCA. This project adds to the body of knowledge required for regulatory assurance on drone use BVLOS. Further research is needed before routine use of this technology.
published_date 2021-11-15T04:15:28Z
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