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Geochemical ice-core constraints on the timing and climatic impact of Aniakchak II (1628 BCE) and Thera (Minoan) volcanic eruptions

Charlotte Pearson Orcid Logo, Michael Sigl Orcid Logo, Andrea Burke Orcid Logo, Siwan Davies Orcid Logo, Andrei Kurbatov, Mirko Severi Orcid Logo, Jihong Cole-Dai, Helen Innes Orcid Logo, Paul Albert Orcid Logo, Meredith Helmick

PNAS Nexus, Volume: 1, Issue: 2

Swansea University Authors: Siwan Davies Orcid Logo, Paul Albert Orcid Logo

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Abstract

Decades of research have focused on establishing the exact year and climatic impact of the Minoan eruption of Thera, Greece (c.1680 to 1500 BCE). Ice cores offer key evidence to resolve this controversy, but attempts have been hampered by a lack of multivolcanic event synchronization between records...

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Published in: PNAS Nexus
ISSN: 2752-6542
Published: Oxford University Press (OUP) 2022
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Ice cores offer key evidence to resolve this controversy, but attempts have been hampered by a lack of multivolcanic event synchronization between records. In this study, Antarctic and Greenland ice-core records are synchronized using a double bipolar sulfate marker, and calendar dates are assigned to each eruption revealed within the &#x2018;Thera period&#x2019;. From this global-scale sequence of volcanic sulfate loading, we derive indications toward each eruption&#x2019;s latitude and potential to disrupt the climate system. Ultrafine sampling for sulfur isotopes and tephra conclusively demonstrate a colossal eruption of Alaska&#x2019;s Aniakchak II as the source of stratospheric sulfate in the now precisely dated 1628 BCE ice layer. These findings end decades of speculation that Thera was responsible for the 1628 BCE event, and place Aniakchak II (52 &#xB1; 17 Tg S) and an unknown volcano at 1654 BCE (50 &#xB1; 13 Tg S) as two of the largest Northern Hemisphere sulfur injections in the last 4,000 years. This opens possibilities to explore widespread climatic impacts for contemporary societies and, in pinpointing Aniakchak II, confirms that stratospheric sulfate can be globally distributed from eruptions outside the tropics. Dating options for Thera are reduced to a series of precisely dated, constrained stratospheric sulfur injection events at 1611 BCE, 1561/1558/1555BCE, and c.1538 BCE, which are all below 14 &#xB1; 5 Tg S, indicating a climatic forcing potential for Thera well below that of Tambora (1815 CE).</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>PNAS Nexus</journal><volume>1</volume><journalNumber>2</journalNumber><paginationStart/><paginationEnd/><publisher>Oxford University Press (OUP)</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint/><issnElectronic>2752-6542</issnElectronic><keywords>ice cores, tephra, sulfate, volcanic forcing, tree-rings</keywords><publishedDay>1</publishedDay><publishedMonth>5</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2022</publishedYear><publishedDate>2022-05-01</publishedDate><doi>10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac048</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Geography</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>SGE</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm/><funders>This work was supported by funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union&#x2019;s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 820047 to M.Si.), the Malcolm H. 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spelling 2022-11-21T11:55:39.5716924 v2 59960 2022-05-06 Geochemical ice-core constraints on the timing and climatic impact of Aniakchak II (1628 BCE) and Thera (Minoan) volcanic eruptions b628382c97124173dd283bf7b83f1eec 0000-0003-0999-7233 Siwan Davies Siwan Davies true false 7f8db9327402511d4d92849cb79af644 0000-0002-6757-1452 Paul Albert Paul Albert true false 2022-05-06 SGE Decades of research have focused on establishing the exact year and climatic impact of the Minoan eruption of Thera, Greece (c.1680 to 1500 BCE). Ice cores offer key evidence to resolve this controversy, but attempts have been hampered by a lack of multivolcanic event synchronization between records. In this study, Antarctic and Greenland ice-core records are synchronized using a double bipolar sulfate marker, and calendar dates are assigned to each eruption revealed within the ‘Thera period’. From this global-scale sequence of volcanic sulfate loading, we derive indications toward each eruption’s latitude and potential to disrupt the climate system. Ultrafine sampling for sulfur isotopes and tephra conclusively demonstrate a colossal eruption of Alaska’s Aniakchak II as the source of stratospheric sulfate in the now precisely dated 1628 BCE ice layer. These findings end decades of speculation that Thera was responsible for the 1628 BCE event, and place Aniakchak II (52 ± 17 Tg S) and an unknown volcano at 1654 BCE (50 ± 13 Tg S) as two of the largest Northern Hemisphere sulfur injections in the last 4,000 years. This opens possibilities to explore widespread climatic impacts for contemporary societies and, in pinpointing Aniakchak II, confirms that stratospheric sulfate can be globally distributed from eruptions outside the tropics. Dating options for Thera are reduced to a series of precisely dated, constrained stratospheric sulfur injection events at 1611 BCE, 1561/1558/1555BCE, and c.1538 BCE, which are all below 14 ± 5 Tg S, indicating a climatic forcing potential for Thera well below that of Tambora (1815 CE). Journal Article PNAS Nexus 1 2 Oxford University Press (OUP) 2752-6542 ice cores, tephra, sulfate, volcanic forcing, tree-rings 1 5 2022 2022-05-01 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac048 COLLEGE NANME Geography COLLEGE CODE SGE Swansea University This work was supported by funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 820047 to M.Si.), the Malcolm H. Wiener Foundation (Interdisciplinary Chronology of Civilizations Project to C.P.), and a UKRI Future Leader Fellowship (MR/S035478/1 to P.A). 2022-11-21T11:55:39.5716924 2022-05-06T09:09:16.5707535 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography Charlotte Pearson 0000-0002-3594-3194 1 Michael Sigl 0000-0002-9028-9703 2 Andrea Burke 0000-0002-3754-1498 3 Siwan Davies 0000-0003-0999-7233 4 Andrei Kurbatov 5 Mirko Severi 0000-0003-1511-6762 6 Jihong Cole-Dai 7 Helen Innes 0000-0002-4003-3910 8 Paul Albert 0000-0002-6757-1452 9 Meredith Helmick 10 59960__24712__3e36be20d1b74664a973dc5c070803e8.pdf 59960.pdf 2022-07-22T12:42:28.4734765 Output 1724945 application/pdf Version of Record true Copyright: The Author(s) 2022. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs licence true eng https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
title Geochemical ice-core constraints on the timing and climatic impact of Aniakchak II (1628 BCE) and Thera (Minoan) volcanic eruptions
spellingShingle Geochemical ice-core constraints on the timing and climatic impact of Aniakchak II (1628 BCE) and Thera (Minoan) volcanic eruptions
Siwan Davies
Paul Albert
title_short Geochemical ice-core constraints on the timing and climatic impact of Aniakchak II (1628 BCE) and Thera (Minoan) volcanic eruptions
title_full Geochemical ice-core constraints on the timing and climatic impact of Aniakchak II (1628 BCE) and Thera (Minoan) volcanic eruptions
title_fullStr Geochemical ice-core constraints on the timing and climatic impact of Aniakchak II (1628 BCE) and Thera (Minoan) volcanic eruptions
title_full_unstemmed Geochemical ice-core constraints on the timing and climatic impact of Aniakchak II (1628 BCE) and Thera (Minoan) volcanic eruptions
title_sort Geochemical ice-core constraints on the timing and climatic impact of Aniakchak II (1628 BCE) and Thera (Minoan) volcanic eruptions
author_id_str_mv b628382c97124173dd283bf7b83f1eec
7f8db9327402511d4d92849cb79af644
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7f8db9327402511d4d92849cb79af644_***_Paul Albert
author Siwan Davies
Paul Albert
author2 Charlotte Pearson
Michael Sigl
Andrea Burke
Siwan Davies
Andrei Kurbatov
Mirko Severi
Jihong Cole-Dai
Helen Innes
Paul Albert
Meredith Helmick
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institution Swansea University
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doi_str_mv 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac048
publisher Oxford University Press (OUP)
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography
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description Decades of research have focused on establishing the exact year and climatic impact of the Minoan eruption of Thera, Greece (c.1680 to 1500 BCE). Ice cores offer key evidence to resolve this controversy, but attempts have been hampered by a lack of multivolcanic event synchronization between records. In this study, Antarctic and Greenland ice-core records are synchronized using a double bipolar sulfate marker, and calendar dates are assigned to each eruption revealed within the ‘Thera period’. From this global-scale sequence of volcanic sulfate loading, we derive indications toward each eruption’s latitude and potential to disrupt the climate system. Ultrafine sampling for sulfur isotopes and tephra conclusively demonstrate a colossal eruption of Alaska’s Aniakchak II as the source of stratospheric sulfate in the now precisely dated 1628 BCE ice layer. These findings end decades of speculation that Thera was responsible for the 1628 BCE event, and place Aniakchak II (52 ± 17 Tg S) and an unknown volcano at 1654 BCE (50 ± 13 Tg S) as two of the largest Northern Hemisphere sulfur injections in the last 4,000 years. This opens possibilities to explore widespread climatic impacts for contemporary societies and, in pinpointing Aniakchak II, confirms that stratospheric sulfate can be globally distributed from eruptions outside the tropics. Dating options for Thera are reduced to a series of precisely dated, constrained stratospheric sulfur injection events at 1611 BCE, 1561/1558/1555BCE, and c.1538 BCE, which are all below 14 ± 5 Tg S, indicating a climatic forcing potential for Thera well below that of Tambora (1815 CE).
published_date 2022-05-01T04:17:39Z
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