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Working hard to avoid: Fixed-ratio response effort and maladaptive avoidance in humans

Simon Dymond Orcid Logo, Weike xia, Keith Lloyd Orcid Logo, Michael W Schlund, Daniel Zuj

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Volume: 76, Issue: 8, Pages: 1889 - 1912

Swansea University Authors: Simon Dymond Orcid Logo, Weike xia, Keith Lloyd Orcid Logo, Daniel Zuj

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DOI (Published version): 10.1177/17470218221127660

Abstract

Maladaptive avoidance of safe stimuli is a defining feature of anxiety and related disorders. Avoidance may involve physical effort or the completion of a fixed series of responses to prevent occurrence of, or cues associated with, the aversive event. Understanding the role of response effort in the...

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Published in: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
ISSN: 1747-0218 1747-0226
Published: SAGE Publications 2023
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa61197
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Avoidance may involve physical effort or the completion of a fixed series of responses to prevent occurrence of, or cues associated with, the aversive event. Understanding the role of response effort in the acquisition and extinction of avoidance may facilitate the development of new clinical treatments for maladaptive avoidance. Despite this, little is known about the impact of response effort on extinction-resistant avoidance in humans. Here, we describe findings from two laboratory-based treatment studies designed to investigate the impact of high and low response effort on the extinction (Experiment 1) and return (Experiment 2) of avoidance. Response effort was operationalised as completion of fixed-ratio (FR) reinforcement schedules for both danger and safety cues in a multi-cue avoidance paradigm with behavioural, self-report, and physiology measures. Completion of the FR response requirements cancelled upcoming shock presentations following danger cues and had no impact on the consequences that followed safety cues. Both experiments found persistence of high response-effort avoidance across danger and safety cues and sustained (Experiment 1) and reinstated (Experiment 2) levels of fear and threat expectancy. Skin conductance responses evoked by all cues were similar across experiments. 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spelling v2 61197 2022-09-13 Working hard to avoid: Fixed-ratio response effort and maladaptive avoidance in humans 8ed0024546f2588fdb0073a7d6fbc075 0000-0003-1319-4492 Simon Dymond Simon Dymond true false 3e8e30f976e72e3473e246f75c18b902 Weike xia Weike xia true false a13aaa0df9045c205e82ed3b95d18c10 0000-0002-1440-4124 Keith Lloyd Keith Lloyd true false e4ea88775fc5b3764aa6322a2285a582 Daniel Zuj Daniel Zuj true false 2022-09-13 HPS Maladaptive avoidance of safe stimuli is a defining feature of anxiety and related disorders. Avoidance may involve physical effort or the completion of a fixed series of responses to prevent occurrence of, or cues associated with, the aversive event. Understanding the role of response effort in the acquisition and extinction of avoidance may facilitate the development of new clinical treatments for maladaptive avoidance. Despite this, little is known about the impact of response effort on extinction-resistant avoidance in humans. Here, we describe findings from two laboratory-based treatment studies designed to investigate the impact of high and low response effort on the extinction (Experiment 1) and return (Experiment 2) of avoidance. Response effort was operationalised as completion of fixed-ratio (FR) reinforcement schedules for both danger and safety cues in a multi-cue avoidance paradigm with behavioural, self-report, and physiology measures. Completion of the FR response requirements cancelled upcoming shock presentations following danger cues and had no impact on the consequences that followed safety cues. Both experiments found persistence of high response-effort avoidance across danger and safety cues and sustained (Experiment 1) and reinstated (Experiment 2) levels of fear and threat expectancy. Skin conductance responses evoked by all cues were similar across experiments. The present findings and paradigm have implications for translational research on maladaptive anxious coping and treatment development. Journal Article Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 76 8 1889 1912 SAGE Publications 1747-0218 1747-0226 Avoidance; anxiety; extinction; fear; fixed-ratio schedules; response prevention 31 8 2023 2023-08-31 10.1177/17470218221127660 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17470218221127660 COLLEGE NANME Psychology COLLEGE CODE HPS Swansea University Not Required 2023-09-13T14:44:24.7190419 2022-09-13T11:29:15.6615951 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences School of Psychology Simon Dymond 0000-0003-1319-4492 1 Weike xia 2 Keith Lloyd 0000-0002-1440-4124 3 Michael W Schlund 4 Daniel Zuj 5 61197__25126__212ee6dd341e40b4837fecdc24f37adb.pdf 17470218221127660.pdf 2022-09-13T12:32:19.6580456 Output 1090194 application/pdf Accepted Manuscript true © The Author(s) 2023. true eng
title Working hard to avoid: Fixed-ratio response effort and maladaptive avoidance in humans
spellingShingle Working hard to avoid: Fixed-ratio response effort and maladaptive avoidance in humans
Simon Dymond
Weike xia
Keith Lloyd
Daniel Zuj
title_short Working hard to avoid: Fixed-ratio response effort and maladaptive avoidance in humans
title_full Working hard to avoid: Fixed-ratio response effort and maladaptive avoidance in humans
title_fullStr Working hard to avoid: Fixed-ratio response effort and maladaptive avoidance in humans
title_full_unstemmed Working hard to avoid: Fixed-ratio response effort and maladaptive avoidance in humans
title_sort Working hard to avoid: Fixed-ratio response effort and maladaptive avoidance in humans
author_id_str_mv 8ed0024546f2588fdb0073a7d6fbc075
3e8e30f976e72e3473e246f75c18b902
a13aaa0df9045c205e82ed3b95d18c10
e4ea88775fc5b3764aa6322a2285a582
author_id_fullname_str_mv 8ed0024546f2588fdb0073a7d6fbc075_***_Simon Dymond
3e8e30f976e72e3473e246f75c18b902_***_Weike xia
a13aaa0df9045c205e82ed3b95d18c10_***_Keith Lloyd
e4ea88775fc5b3764aa6322a2285a582_***_Daniel Zuj
author Simon Dymond
Weike xia
Keith Lloyd
Daniel Zuj
author2 Simon Dymond
Weike xia
Keith Lloyd
Michael W Schlund
Daniel Zuj
format Journal article
container_title Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
container_volume 76
container_issue 8
container_start_page 1889
publishDate 2023
institution Swansea University
issn 1747-0218
1747-0226
doi_str_mv 10.1177/17470218221127660
publisher SAGE Publications
college_str Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str School of Psychology{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Psychology
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17470218221127660
document_store_str 1
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description Maladaptive avoidance of safe stimuli is a defining feature of anxiety and related disorders. Avoidance may involve physical effort or the completion of a fixed series of responses to prevent occurrence of, or cues associated with, the aversive event. Understanding the role of response effort in the acquisition and extinction of avoidance may facilitate the development of new clinical treatments for maladaptive avoidance. Despite this, little is known about the impact of response effort on extinction-resistant avoidance in humans. Here, we describe findings from two laboratory-based treatment studies designed to investigate the impact of high and low response effort on the extinction (Experiment 1) and return (Experiment 2) of avoidance. Response effort was operationalised as completion of fixed-ratio (FR) reinforcement schedules for both danger and safety cues in a multi-cue avoidance paradigm with behavioural, self-report, and physiology measures. Completion of the FR response requirements cancelled upcoming shock presentations following danger cues and had no impact on the consequences that followed safety cues. Both experiments found persistence of high response-effort avoidance across danger and safety cues and sustained (Experiment 1) and reinstated (Experiment 2) levels of fear and threat expectancy. Skin conductance responses evoked by all cues were similar across experiments. The present findings and paradigm have implications for translational research on maladaptive anxious coping and treatment development.
published_date 2023-08-31T14:44:26Z
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