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Climatic controls on the survival and loss of ancient types of barley on North Atlantic Islands

Peter Martin Orcid Logo, Terence A. Brown Orcid Logo, Timothy S. George Orcid Logo, Björn Gunnarson Orcid Logo, Neil Loader Orcid Logo, Paul Ross, John Wishart Orcid Logo, Rob Wilson Orcid Logo

Climatic Change, Volume: 176, Issue: 2

Swansea University Author: Neil Loader Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1007/s10584-022-03474-0

Abstract

For ancient types of barley at sites in the Scottish Isles, Faroes, and Iceland, we calculated minimum temperature requirements for grain production (grain production threshold, GPT) as accumulated degree days over the cropping season. Site suitability for barley from AD 1200 to 2000 was investigate...

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Published in: Climatic Change
ISSN: 0165-0009 1573-1480
Published: Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2023
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa62358
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Site suitability for barley from AD 1200 to 2000 was investigated by comparing these thresholds with reconstructions of annual cropping season degree days (CSDD) using temperature and tree-ring data. In Iceland, between AD 1200 and 1500, reconstructed CSDD were more favorable in the southwest (Reykjavik), with fewer years below the GPT, than in the North, East and West, but there were two periods (1340&#x2013;1389 and 1426&#x2013;1475) with low average CSDD and several years below the GPT which possibly influenced the abandonment of barley cultivation around this time. Reconstructed CSDD for the Faroes (T&#xF3;rshavn) had only one year below the GPT, but 15 periods of four or more consecutive years with low CSDD which would have challenged barley cultivation, especially in the thirteenth century. Reconstructed CSDD were highest for the Scottish Isles, allowing a more prominent role of barley in the farming system and economy. Nevertheless, years with poor harvests or famines were common and about half were associated with low CSDD, resulting in a significant temperature link but also demonstrating the important contribution of other factors. 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spelling 2023-02-17T10:57:23.2327742 v2 62358 2023-01-18 Climatic controls on the survival and loss of ancient types of barley on North Atlantic Islands 8267a62100791965d08df6a7842676e6 0000-0002-6841-1813 Neil Loader Neil Loader true false 2023-01-18 SGE For ancient types of barley at sites in the Scottish Isles, Faroes, and Iceland, we calculated minimum temperature requirements for grain production (grain production threshold, GPT) as accumulated degree days over the cropping season. Site suitability for barley from AD 1200 to 2000 was investigated by comparing these thresholds with reconstructions of annual cropping season degree days (CSDD) using temperature and tree-ring data. In Iceland, between AD 1200 and 1500, reconstructed CSDD were more favorable in the southwest (Reykjavik), with fewer years below the GPT, than in the North, East and West, but there were two periods (1340–1389 and 1426–1475) with low average CSDD and several years below the GPT which possibly influenced the abandonment of barley cultivation around this time. Reconstructed CSDD for the Faroes (Tórshavn) had only one year below the GPT, but 15 periods of four or more consecutive years with low CSDD which would have challenged barley cultivation, especially in the thirteenth century. Reconstructed CSDD were highest for the Scottish Isles, allowing a more prominent role of barley in the farming system and economy. Nevertheless, years with poor harvests or famines were common and about half were associated with low CSDD, resulting in a significant temperature link but also demonstrating the important contribution of other factors. Despite frequent unfavorable years in both the Faroes and Scottish Isles, resilient production systems, well-adapted barley strains and socio-economic factors allowed barley cultivation to continue, and some ancient types to survive to the present day. Journal Article Climatic Change 176 2 Springer Science and Business Media LLC 0165-0009 1573-1480 Bere barley; Temperature reconstruction; Faroes; Iceland; Scottish Isles 18 1 2023 2023-01-18 10.1007/s10584-022-03474-0 COLLEGE NANME Geography COLLEGE CODE SGE Swansea University Not Required This study was partly funded by a Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Service award (PM, JW and TSG). The Scottish Northern Cairngorms reconstruction was finalised through the project NERC project ‘SCOT2K: Reconstructing 2000 years of Scottish climate from tree rings (NE/ K003097/1)’ while the new central and northwest Scottish data were developed as part of a NERC Iapetus PhD project. 2023-02-17T10:57:23.2327742 2023-01-18T07:45:31.9025335 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography Peter Martin 0000-0001-6873-8034 1 Terence A. Brown 0000-0002-1006-1099 2 Timothy S. George 0000-0003-3231-2159 3 Björn Gunnarson 0000-0002-5262-1883 4 Neil Loader 0000-0002-6841-1813 5 Paul Ross 6 John Wishart 0000-0001-8412-8252 7 Rob Wilson 0000-0003-4486-8904 8 62358__26439__1f45f86755834843b5ae30c8f6b22b14.pdf 62358.pdf 2023-01-30T15:41:40.5934526 Output 1863026 application/pdf Version of Record true © The Author(s) 2023. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Climatic controls on the survival and loss of ancient types of barley on North Atlantic Islands
spellingShingle Climatic controls on the survival and loss of ancient types of barley on North Atlantic Islands
Neil Loader
title_short Climatic controls on the survival and loss of ancient types of barley on North Atlantic Islands
title_full Climatic controls on the survival and loss of ancient types of barley on North Atlantic Islands
title_fullStr Climatic controls on the survival and loss of ancient types of barley on North Atlantic Islands
title_full_unstemmed Climatic controls on the survival and loss of ancient types of barley on North Atlantic Islands
title_sort Climatic controls on the survival and loss of ancient types of barley on North Atlantic Islands
author_id_str_mv 8267a62100791965d08df6a7842676e6
author_id_fullname_str_mv 8267a62100791965d08df6a7842676e6_***_Neil Loader
author Neil Loader
author2 Peter Martin
Terence A. Brown
Timothy S. George
Björn Gunnarson
Neil Loader
Paul Ross
John Wishart
Rob Wilson
format Journal article
container_title Climatic Change
container_volume 176
container_issue 2
publishDate 2023
institution Swansea University
issn 0165-0009
1573-1480
doi_str_mv 10.1007/s10584-022-03474-0
publisher Springer Science and Business Media LLC
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography
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description For ancient types of barley at sites in the Scottish Isles, Faroes, and Iceland, we calculated minimum temperature requirements for grain production (grain production threshold, GPT) as accumulated degree days over the cropping season. Site suitability for barley from AD 1200 to 2000 was investigated by comparing these thresholds with reconstructions of annual cropping season degree days (CSDD) using temperature and tree-ring data. In Iceland, between AD 1200 and 1500, reconstructed CSDD were more favorable in the southwest (Reykjavik), with fewer years below the GPT, than in the North, East and West, but there were two periods (1340–1389 and 1426–1475) with low average CSDD and several years below the GPT which possibly influenced the abandonment of barley cultivation around this time. Reconstructed CSDD for the Faroes (Tórshavn) had only one year below the GPT, but 15 periods of four or more consecutive years with low CSDD which would have challenged barley cultivation, especially in the thirteenth century. Reconstructed CSDD were highest for the Scottish Isles, allowing a more prominent role of barley in the farming system and economy. Nevertheless, years with poor harvests or famines were common and about half were associated with low CSDD, resulting in a significant temperature link but also demonstrating the important contribution of other factors. Despite frequent unfavorable years in both the Faroes and Scottish Isles, resilient production systems, well-adapted barley strains and socio-economic factors allowed barley cultivation to continue, and some ancient types to survive to the present day.
published_date 2023-01-18T04:21:54Z
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score 11.016235

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