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Forging and Heat Treatment Conditions that Produce Visible Grains in a γ–γ′ Nickel-Based Superalloy

M. C. Hardy, R. C. Buckingham, K. Severs, Ben Cockings, J. McCarley, K. Ho, C. Argyrakis, S. Tin

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Volume: 54, Issue: 5, Pages: 2112 - 2126

Swansea University Author: Ben Cockings

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DOI (Published version): 10.1007/s11661-022-06943-4

Abstract

Experiments were undertaken to understand forging and heat treatment conditions that give rise to large, visible grains in a new polycrystalline nickel-based γ–γ′ superalloy after solution heat treatment above the gamma prime (γ′) solvus temperature (Tsolvus). Such grains are undesirable as they red...

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Published in: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A
ISSN: 1073-5623 1543-1940
Published: Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2023
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa62449
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first_indexed 2023-01-31T08:18:33Z
last_indexed 2023-02-11T04:14:40Z
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spelling v2 62449 2023-01-26 Forging and Heat Treatment Conditions that Produce Visible Grains in a γ–γ′ Nickel-Based Superalloy 998ffd9fa65fa0c2ffc718a5bff10cdd Ben Cockings Ben Cockings true false 2023-01-26 MTLS Experiments were undertaken to understand forging and heat treatment conditions that give rise to large, visible grains in a new polycrystalline nickel-based γ–γ′ superalloy after solution heat treatment above the gamma prime (γ′) solvus temperature (Tsolvus). Such grains are undesirable as they reduce strength and low cycle fatigue performance. The information that is reported is required to design an isothermal forging practice to manufacture closed die forgings, intended for disk rotors that are used in aircraft engines. The alloy is a development composition, which contains about 51 pct γ′ and has been produced by powder metallurgy. Compression tests were conducted to specified upsets on right circular cylinder and double-cone test pieces. Segments of double cones were heat treated and examined to characterize grain size. Visible grains were found in areas of low forging strain (< 0.75), particularly in localized areas of higher strain rate, from slow heating rates through the γ′ Tsolvus. It is proposed that they are produced by selective grain growth from activation of a limited number of recrystallization nuclei that have sufficient retained strain energy to exceed a critical value, which reduces with increasing heating time. Higher strains are understood to promote the formation of additional nucleation sites for recrystallization and a consistently finer grain size. Localized areas of low strain that receive higher strain rates generate greater strain hardening, which creates a higher number of nuclei for selective grain growth, compared to surrounding regions. Journal Article Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 54 5 2112 2126 Springer Science and Business Media LLC 1073-5623 1543-1940 1 5 2023 2023-05-01 10.1007/s11661-022-06943-4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06943-4 COLLEGE NANME Materials Science and Engineering COLLEGE CODE MTLS Swansea University This work was supported by Rolls-Royce plc and the Innovate-UK UHTNA and CRUISE projects. 2023-07-27T15:46:07.0479604 2023-01-26T08:48:23.3754226 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering M. C. Hardy 1 R. C. Buckingham 2 K. Severs 3 Ben Cockings 4 J. McCarley 5 K. Ho 6 C. Argyrakis 7 S. Tin 8 Under embargo Under embargo 2023-02-01T14:08:39.3851768 Output 3574785 application/pdf Accepted Manuscript true 2024-01-17T00:00:00.0000000 true eng
title Forging and Heat Treatment Conditions that Produce Visible Grains in a γ–γ′ Nickel-Based Superalloy
spellingShingle Forging and Heat Treatment Conditions that Produce Visible Grains in a γ–γ′ Nickel-Based Superalloy
Ben Cockings
title_short Forging and Heat Treatment Conditions that Produce Visible Grains in a γ–γ′ Nickel-Based Superalloy
title_full Forging and Heat Treatment Conditions that Produce Visible Grains in a γ–γ′ Nickel-Based Superalloy
title_fullStr Forging and Heat Treatment Conditions that Produce Visible Grains in a γ–γ′ Nickel-Based Superalloy
title_full_unstemmed Forging and Heat Treatment Conditions that Produce Visible Grains in a γ–γ′ Nickel-Based Superalloy
title_sort Forging and Heat Treatment Conditions that Produce Visible Grains in a γ–γ′ Nickel-Based Superalloy
author_id_str_mv 998ffd9fa65fa0c2ffc718a5bff10cdd
author_id_fullname_str_mv 998ffd9fa65fa0c2ffc718a5bff10cdd_***_Ben Cockings
author Ben Cockings
author2 M. C. Hardy
R. C. Buckingham
K. Severs
Ben Cockings
J. McCarley
K. Ho
C. Argyrakis
S. Tin
format Journal article
container_title Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A
container_volume 54
container_issue 5
container_start_page 2112
publishDate 2023
institution Swansea University
issn 1073-5623
1543-1940
doi_str_mv 10.1007/s11661-022-06943-4
publisher Springer Science and Business Media LLC
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-022-06943-4
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description Experiments were undertaken to understand forging and heat treatment conditions that give rise to large, visible grains in a new polycrystalline nickel-based γ–γ′ superalloy after solution heat treatment above the gamma prime (γ′) solvus temperature (Tsolvus). Such grains are undesirable as they reduce strength and low cycle fatigue performance. The information that is reported is required to design an isothermal forging practice to manufacture closed die forgings, intended for disk rotors that are used in aircraft engines. The alloy is a development composition, which contains about 51 pct γ′ and has been produced by powder metallurgy. Compression tests were conducted to specified upsets on right circular cylinder and double-cone test pieces. Segments of double cones were heat treated and examined to characterize grain size. Visible grains were found in areas of low forging strain (< 0.75), particularly in localized areas of higher strain rate, from slow heating rates through the γ′ Tsolvus. It is proposed that they are produced by selective grain growth from activation of a limited number of recrystallization nuclei that have sufficient retained strain energy to exceed a critical value, which reduces with increasing heating time. Higher strains are understood to promote the formation of additional nucleation sites for recrystallization and a consistently finer grain size. Localized areas of low strain that receive higher strain rates generate greater strain hardening, which creates a higher number of nuclei for selective grain growth, compared to surrounding regions.
published_date 2023-05-01T15:46:02Z
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