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Prospective effects of work–time control on overtime, work–life interference and exhaustion in female and male knowledge workers

Sophie C. Albrecht Orcid Logo, Constanze Leineweber, Göran Kecklund, Philip Tucker Orcid Logo

Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, Volume: 52, Issue: 2, Pages: 205 - 215

Swansea University Author: Philip Tucker Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1177/14034948221150041

Abstract

Aims: Employee-based flexible working hours are increasing, particularly among knowledge workers. Research indicates that women and men use work–time control (WTC; control over time off and daily hours) differently: while men work longer paid hours, women use WTC to counteract work–life interference...

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Published in: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health
ISSN: 1403-4948 1651-1905
Published: SAGE Publications 2024
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa62454
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In a knowledge-worker sample, we examined associations between WTC and overtime, work–life interference and exhaustion and tested whether gender moderates the mediating role of overtime. Methods: The sample contained 2248 Swedish knowledge workers. Employing hierarchical regression modelling, we examined effects of control over time off/daily hours on subsequent overtime hours, work–life interference and exhaustion in general and in gender-stratified samples. Using conditional process analysis, we tested moderated mediation models. Results: Control over time off was related to less work–life interference (βmen= −0.117; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.237 to 0.003; βwomen= −0.253; 95% CI: −0.386 to −0.120) and lower exhaustion (βmen= −0.199; 95% CI: −0.347 to −0.051; βwomen= −0.271; 95% CI: −0.443 to −0.100). For control over daily hours, estimates were close to zero. While men worked more overtime (42 min/week), we could not confirm gender moderating the indirect effect of control over time off/daily hours on work–life interference/exhaustion via overtime. Independent of gender, effects of control over time off on work–life interference were partly explained by working fewer overtime hours. Conclusions: Control over time off was related to lower exhaustion and better work–life balance (in particular for women). We found no evidence for men’s work–life interference increasing with higher WTC owing to working more overtime. Knowledge workers’ control over time off may help prevent work–life interference and burnout.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Scandinavian Journal of Public Health</journal><volume>52</volume><journalNumber>2</journalNumber><paginationStart>205</paginationStart><paginationEnd>215</paginationEnd><publisher>SAGE Publications</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint>1403-4948</issnPrint><issnElectronic>1651-1905</issnElectronic><keywords>Work–life balance, burnout, long working hours, flexible work, longitudinal</keywords><publishedDay>1</publishedDay><publishedMonth>3</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2024</publishedYear><publishedDate>2024-03-01</publishedDate><doi>10.1177/14034948221150041</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Psychology School</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>PSYS</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm>Another institution paid the OA fee</apcterm><funders>This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (grant number 2013-0448) and NordForsk, the Nordic Programme on Health and Welfare (grant number 74809).</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2024-10-01T10:32:09.3958449</lastEdited><Created>2023-01-26T14:31:34.3094261</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences</level><level id="2">School of Psychology</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Sophie C.</firstname><surname>Albrecht</surname><orcid>0000-0003-0724-6823</orcid><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Constanze</firstname><surname>Leineweber</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Göran</firstname><surname>Kecklund</surname><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Philip</firstname><surname>Tucker</surname><orcid>0000-0002-8105-0901</orcid><order>4</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>62454__26487__ec4dd789ad9f4bfdbe37f227945bb060.pdf</filename><originalFilename>Albrecht 2023 (WTC WLI exhaustion).pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2023-02-06T15:09:05.7666485</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>202781</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>© Author(s) 2023. 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spelling v2 62454 2023-01-26 Prospective effects of work–time control on overtime, work–life interference and exhaustion in female and male knowledge workers 7d07250cf5f1cbaf8788af9f48cf000a 0000-0002-8105-0901 Philip Tucker Philip Tucker true false 2023-01-26 PSYS Aims: Employee-based flexible working hours are increasing, particularly among knowledge workers. Research indicates that women and men use work–time control (WTC; control over time off and daily hours) differently: while men work longer paid hours, women use WTC to counteract work–life interference. In a knowledge-worker sample, we examined associations between WTC and overtime, work–life interference and exhaustion and tested whether gender moderates the mediating role of overtime. Methods: The sample contained 2248 Swedish knowledge workers. Employing hierarchical regression modelling, we examined effects of control over time off/daily hours on subsequent overtime hours, work–life interference and exhaustion in general and in gender-stratified samples. Using conditional process analysis, we tested moderated mediation models. Results: Control over time off was related to less work–life interference (βmen= −0.117; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.237 to 0.003; βwomen= −0.253; 95% CI: −0.386 to −0.120) and lower exhaustion (βmen= −0.199; 95% CI: −0.347 to −0.051; βwomen= −0.271; 95% CI: −0.443 to −0.100). For control over daily hours, estimates were close to zero. While men worked more overtime (42 min/week), we could not confirm gender moderating the indirect effect of control over time off/daily hours on work–life interference/exhaustion via overtime. Independent of gender, effects of control over time off on work–life interference were partly explained by working fewer overtime hours. Conclusions: Control over time off was related to lower exhaustion and better work–life balance (in particular for women). We found no evidence for men’s work–life interference increasing with higher WTC owing to working more overtime. Knowledge workers’ control over time off may help prevent work–life interference and burnout. Journal Article Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 52 2 205 215 SAGE Publications 1403-4948 1651-1905 Work–life balance, burnout, long working hours, flexible work, longitudinal 1 3 2024 2024-03-01 10.1177/14034948221150041 COLLEGE NANME Psychology School COLLEGE CODE PSYS Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (grant number 2013-0448) and NordForsk, the Nordic Programme on Health and Welfare (grant number 74809). 2024-10-01T10:32:09.3958449 2023-01-26T14:31:34.3094261 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences School of Psychology Sophie C. Albrecht 0000-0003-0724-6823 1 Constanze Leineweber 2 Göran Kecklund 3 Philip Tucker 0000-0002-8105-0901 4 62454__26487__ec4dd789ad9f4bfdbe37f227945bb060.pdf Albrecht 2023 (WTC WLI exhaustion).pdf 2023-02-06T15:09:05.7666485 Output 202781 application/pdf Version of Record true © Author(s) 2023. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Prospective effects of work–time control on overtime, work–life interference and exhaustion in female and male knowledge workers
spellingShingle Prospective effects of work–time control on overtime, work–life interference and exhaustion in female and male knowledge workers
Philip Tucker
title_short Prospective effects of work–time control on overtime, work–life interference and exhaustion in female and male knowledge workers
title_full Prospective effects of work–time control on overtime, work–life interference and exhaustion in female and male knowledge workers
title_fullStr Prospective effects of work–time control on overtime, work–life interference and exhaustion in female and male knowledge workers
title_full_unstemmed Prospective effects of work–time control on overtime, work–life interference and exhaustion in female and male knowledge workers
title_sort Prospective effects of work–time control on overtime, work–life interference and exhaustion in female and male knowledge workers
author_id_str_mv 7d07250cf5f1cbaf8788af9f48cf000a
author_id_fullname_str_mv 7d07250cf5f1cbaf8788af9f48cf000a_***_Philip Tucker
author Philip Tucker
author2 Sophie C. Albrecht
Constanze Leineweber
Göran Kecklund
Philip Tucker
format Journal article
container_title Scandinavian Journal of Public Health
container_volume 52
container_issue 2
container_start_page 205
publishDate 2024
institution Swansea University
issn 1403-4948
1651-1905
doi_str_mv 10.1177/14034948221150041
publisher SAGE Publications
college_str Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str School of Psychology{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Psychology
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Aims: Employee-based flexible working hours are increasing, particularly among knowledge workers. Research indicates that women and men use work–time control (WTC; control over time off and daily hours) differently: while men work longer paid hours, women use WTC to counteract work–life interference. In a knowledge-worker sample, we examined associations between WTC and overtime, work–life interference and exhaustion and tested whether gender moderates the mediating role of overtime. Methods: The sample contained 2248 Swedish knowledge workers. Employing hierarchical regression modelling, we examined effects of control over time off/daily hours on subsequent overtime hours, work–life interference and exhaustion in general and in gender-stratified samples. Using conditional process analysis, we tested moderated mediation models. Results: Control over time off was related to less work–life interference (βmen= −0.117; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.237 to 0.003; βwomen= −0.253; 95% CI: −0.386 to −0.120) and lower exhaustion (βmen= −0.199; 95% CI: −0.347 to −0.051; βwomen= −0.271; 95% CI: −0.443 to −0.100). For control over daily hours, estimates were close to zero. While men worked more overtime (42 min/week), we could not confirm gender moderating the indirect effect of control over time off/daily hours on work–life interference/exhaustion via overtime. Independent of gender, effects of control over time off on work–life interference were partly explained by working fewer overtime hours. Conclusions: Control over time off was related to lower exhaustion and better work–life balance (in particular for women). We found no evidence for men’s work–life interference increasing with higher WTC owing to working more overtime. Knowledge workers’ control over time off may help prevent work–life interference and burnout.
published_date 2024-03-01T10:32:08Z
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score 11.036706

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