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Diversity Begets Diversity When Diet Drives Snake Venom Evolution, but Evenness Rather Than Richness Is What Counts

Romane Schaeffer, Victoria J. Pascolutti, Timothy N. W. Jackson, Kevin Arbuckle Orcid Logo

Toxins, Volume: 15, Issue: 4, Start page: 251

Swansea University Author: Kevin Arbuckle Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.3390/toxins15040251

Abstract

Snake venoms are primarily used to subjugate prey, and consequently, their evolution has been shown to be predominantly driven by diet-related selection pressure. Venoms tend to be more lethal to prey than non-prey species (except in cases of toxin resistance), prey-specific toxins have been identif...

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Published in: Toxins
ISSN: 2072-6651
Published: MDPI AG 2023
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa63048
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spelling v2 63048 2023-03-31 Diversity Begets Diversity When Diet Drives Snake Venom Evolution, but Evenness Rather Than Richness Is What Counts d1775d20b12e430869cc7be5d7d4a27e 0000-0002-9171-5874 Kevin Arbuckle Kevin Arbuckle true false 2023-03-31 SBI Snake venoms are primarily used to subjugate prey, and consequently, their evolution has been shown to be predominantly driven by diet-related selection pressure. Venoms tend to be more lethal to prey than non-prey species (except in cases of toxin resistance), prey-specific toxins have been identified, and preliminary work has demonstrated an association between the diversity of diet classes and that of toxicological activities of whole venom. However, venoms are complex mixtures of many toxins, and it remains unclear how toxin diversity is driven by diet. Prey-specific toxins do not encompass the molecular diversity of venoms, and whole venom effects could be driven by one, few, or all components, so the link between diet and venom diversity remains minimally understood. Here, we collated a database of venom composition and diet records and used a combination of phylogenetic comparative methods and two quantitative diversity indices to investigate whether and how diet diversity relates to the toxin diversity of snake venoms. We reveal that venom diversity is negatively related to diet diversity using Shannon’s index but positively related using Simpson’s index. Since Shannon’s index predominantly considers the number of prey/toxins, whereas Simpson’s index more strongly reflects evenness, we provide insights into how the diet–venom diversity link is driven. Specifically, species with low diet diversity tend to have venoms dominated by a few abundant (possibly specialised) toxin families, whereas species with diverse diets tend to ‘hedge their bets’ by having venoms with a more even composition of different toxin classes. Journal Article Toxins 15 4 251 MDPI AG 2072-6651 Venom evolution; toxin diversity; diet breadth; snake venom ecology; phylogenetic comparative analysis 29 3 2023 2023-03-29 10.3390/toxins15040251 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15040251 COLLEGE NANME Biosciences COLLEGE CODE SBI Swansea University Other 2023-04-25T11:38:35.7353970 2023-03-31T08:34:58.4744898 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences Romane Schaeffer 1 Victoria J. Pascolutti 2 Timothy N. W. Jackson 3 Kevin Arbuckle 0000-0002-9171-5874 4 63048__26955__01a93c81b99a4997bfa49c7ca030e95f.pdf diversity begets diversity when diet drives snake venom evolution, but evenness rather than richness is what counts.pdf 2023-03-31T08:37:25.6380265 Output 1567523 application/pdf Version of Record true Copyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Diversity Begets Diversity When Diet Drives Snake Venom Evolution, but Evenness Rather Than Richness Is What Counts
spellingShingle Diversity Begets Diversity When Diet Drives Snake Venom Evolution, but Evenness Rather Than Richness Is What Counts
Kevin Arbuckle
title_short Diversity Begets Diversity When Diet Drives Snake Venom Evolution, but Evenness Rather Than Richness Is What Counts
title_full Diversity Begets Diversity When Diet Drives Snake Venom Evolution, but Evenness Rather Than Richness Is What Counts
title_fullStr Diversity Begets Diversity When Diet Drives Snake Venom Evolution, but Evenness Rather Than Richness Is What Counts
title_full_unstemmed Diversity Begets Diversity When Diet Drives Snake Venom Evolution, but Evenness Rather Than Richness Is What Counts
title_sort Diversity Begets Diversity When Diet Drives Snake Venom Evolution, but Evenness Rather Than Richness Is What Counts
author_id_str_mv d1775d20b12e430869cc7be5d7d4a27e
author_id_fullname_str_mv d1775d20b12e430869cc7be5d7d4a27e_***_Kevin Arbuckle
author Kevin Arbuckle
author2 Romane Schaeffer
Victoria J. Pascolutti
Timothy N. W. Jackson
Kevin Arbuckle
format Journal article
container_title Toxins
container_volume 15
container_issue 4
container_start_page 251
publishDate 2023
institution Swansea University
issn 2072-6651
doi_str_mv 10.3390/toxins15040251
publisher MDPI AG
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
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url http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15040251
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description Snake venoms are primarily used to subjugate prey, and consequently, their evolution has been shown to be predominantly driven by diet-related selection pressure. Venoms tend to be more lethal to prey than non-prey species (except in cases of toxin resistance), prey-specific toxins have been identified, and preliminary work has demonstrated an association between the diversity of diet classes and that of toxicological activities of whole venom. However, venoms are complex mixtures of many toxins, and it remains unclear how toxin diversity is driven by diet. Prey-specific toxins do not encompass the molecular diversity of venoms, and whole venom effects could be driven by one, few, or all components, so the link between diet and venom diversity remains minimally understood. Here, we collated a database of venom composition and diet records and used a combination of phylogenetic comparative methods and two quantitative diversity indices to investigate whether and how diet diversity relates to the toxin diversity of snake venoms. We reveal that venom diversity is negatively related to diet diversity using Shannon’s index but positively related using Simpson’s index. Since Shannon’s index predominantly considers the number of prey/toxins, whereas Simpson’s index more strongly reflects evenness, we provide insights into how the diet–venom diversity link is driven. Specifically, species with low diet diversity tend to have venoms dominated by a few abundant (possibly specialised) toxin families, whereas species with diverse diets tend to ‘hedge their bets’ by having venoms with a more even composition of different toxin classes.
published_date 2023-03-29T11:38:34Z
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