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Alternative Formulations to Potentially Replace the Use of Hexahydrophthalic Anhydride in Coil Coatings / CHRISTOPHER BATCHELOR

Swansea University Author: CHRISTOPHER BATCHELOR

  • E-Thesis - restricted access under embargo until: 13th December 2025

DOI (Published version): 10.23889/SUthesis.63443

Abstract

A study was performed to investigate degradation of clear coats exposed to aggressive environments via accelerated and natural weathering and periodically analysed for changes in gloss and colour alongside InfraRed analysis, performed with the drive to potentially replace HHPA (Hexahydrophthalic Anh...

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Published: Swansea, Wales, UK 2023
Institution: Swansea University
Degree level: Doctoral
Degree name: EngD
Supervisor: Worsley, D. Mabbett, I. and Smith, J.
URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa63443
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It was found that HHPA containing systems provided superior weathering resistance compared to other coating systems, with CHDA (Cyclohexanedicaboxylic acid)-CHDM (Cyclohexanedimethanol) coatings being the second best performing and CHDA the worst. It can be concluded that it is more likely that a co-monomer-based system would have the greater potential to produce comparable weathering resistance to HHPA than a single monomer-based coating.HHPA and CHDA containing pigmented systems were developed for weathering analysis, with the investigation showing that pigment addition did not influence coating performance, with CHDA still the poorer performing with regards to weathering.Free-standing films were developed to investigate UV absorbance of HHPA and CHDA coatings, showing that the absorbance profiles within the UV region are very similar, with the crosslinker appearing to exert a greater influence over CHDA coatings.An investigation was performed into the ability of HHPA and CHDA coatings to resist degradation in dark hydrolysis through immersion in water baths with IR, colour, and gloss analyses after 1,3, and 7 days. It was found that, in general, the CHDA containing coatings demonstrated worse performance than the HHPA variants, indicating a greater susceptibility to moisture related degradation.Computational Chemical Modelling was performed to gain a greater degree of insight to the reasons behind the differences in weathering resistance offered by the different coating systems. Modelling aimed to calculate the reactivity of different structures within the coating systems when combined with HHPA or CHDA, in addition to identifying areas within the structures that were susceptible to electrophilic or nucleophilic attack. It was found that the CHDA containing models exhibited significantly more sites vulnerable to attack, particularly nucleophilic attack which suggests a greater weakness to moisture and moisture enhanced photodegradation.From the research carried out, it has been shown that HHPA offers superior weathering resistance in coating systems compared to other similar cycloaliphatic monomers. This means that, at present, it has not been possible to identify a suitable replacement for HHPA within coatings and as such it would be unreasonable for HHPA to be classed as a Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) by REACH, as it would result in instances of coatings with lower work life expectancy.</abstract><type>E-Thesis</type><journal/><volume/><journalNumber/><paginationStart/><paginationEnd/><publisher/><placeOfPublication>Swansea, Wales, UK</placeOfPublication><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint/><issnElectronic/><keywords>Coil coatings, polyester, weathering degradation,</keywords><publishedDay>16</publishedDay><publishedMonth>3</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2023</publishedYear><publishedDate>2023-03-16</publishedDate><doi>10.23889/SUthesis.63443</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><supervisor>Worsley, D. Mabbett, I. and Smith, J.</supervisor><degreelevel>Doctoral</degreelevel><degreename>EngD</degreename><degreesponsorsfunders>Becker Group, COATED M2A, ESPRC via UKRI, European Social Fund via WEFO</degreesponsorsfunders><apcterm/><funders/><projectreference/><lastEdited>2023-09-28T15:36:32.4618716</lastEdited><Created>2023-05-12T11:01:02.1784162</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering</level></path><authors><author><firstname>CHRISTOPHER</firstname><surname>BATCHELOR</surname><order>1</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>Under embargo</filename><originalFilename>Under embargo</originalFilename><uploaded>2023-05-12T11:05:44.1852911</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>5038038</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>E-Thesis - restricted access</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><embargoDate>2025-12-13T00:00:00.0000000</embargoDate><documentNotes>Copyright: The Author, Christopher P. 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spelling v2 63443 2023-05-12 Alternative Formulations to Potentially Replace the Use of Hexahydrophthalic Anhydride in Coil Coatings e0ad83aad7d178ef0b57c723f9d74cfd CHRISTOPHER BATCHELOR CHRISTOPHER BATCHELOR true false 2023-05-12 A study was performed to investigate degradation of clear coats exposed to aggressive environments via accelerated and natural weathering and periodically analysed for changes in gloss and colour alongside InfraRed analysis, performed with the drive to potentially replace HHPA (Hexahydrophthalic Anhydride) in future coating systems. It was found that HHPA containing systems provided superior weathering resistance compared to other coating systems, with CHDA (Cyclohexanedicaboxylic acid)-CHDM (Cyclohexanedimethanol) coatings being the second best performing and CHDA the worst. It can be concluded that it is more likely that a co-monomer-based system would have the greater potential to produce comparable weathering resistance to HHPA than a single monomer-based coating.HHPA and CHDA containing pigmented systems were developed for weathering analysis, with the investigation showing that pigment addition did not influence coating performance, with CHDA still the poorer performing with regards to weathering.Free-standing films were developed to investigate UV absorbance of HHPA and CHDA coatings, showing that the absorbance profiles within the UV region are very similar, with the crosslinker appearing to exert a greater influence over CHDA coatings.An investigation was performed into the ability of HHPA and CHDA coatings to resist degradation in dark hydrolysis through immersion in water baths with IR, colour, and gloss analyses after 1,3, and 7 days. It was found that, in general, the CHDA containing coatings demonstrated worse performance than the HHPA variants, indicating a greater susceptibility to moisture related degradation.Computational Chemical Modelling was performed to gain a greater degree of insight to the reasons behind the differences in weathering resistance offered by the different coating systems. Modelling aimed to calculate the reactivity of different structures within the coating systems when combined with HHPA or CHDA, in addition to identifying areas within the structures that were susceptible to electrophilic or nucleophilic attack. It was found that the CHDA containing models exhibited significantly more sites vulnerable to attack, particularly nucleophilic attack which suggests a greater weakness to moisture and moisture enhanced photodegradation.From the research carried out, it has been shown that HHPA offers superior weathering resistance in coating systems compared to other similar cycloaliphatic monomers. This means that, at present, it has not been possible to identify a suitable replacement for HHPA within coatings and as such it would be unreasonable for HHPA to be classed as a Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) by REACH, as it would result in instances of coatings with lower work life expectancy. E-Thesis Swansea, Wales, UK Coil coatings, polyester, weathering degradation, 16 3 2023 2023-03-16 10.23889/SUthesis.63443 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University Worsley, D. Mabbett, I. and Smith, J. Doctoral EngD Becker Group, COATED M2A, ESPRC via UKRI, European Social Fund via WEFO 2023-09-28T15:36:32.4618716 2023-05-12T11:01:02.1784162 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering CHRISTOPHER BATCHELOR 1 Under embargo Under embargo 2023-05-12T11:05:44.1852911 Output 5038038 application/pdf E-Thesis - restricted access true 2025-12-13T00:00:00.0000000 Copyright: The Author, Christopher P. Batchelor, 2023. true eng
title Alternative Formulations to Potentially Replace the Use of Hexahydrophthalic Anhydride in Coil Coatings
spellingShingle Alternative Formulations to Potentially Replace the Use of Hexahydrophthalic Anhydride in Coil Coatings
CHRISTOPHER BATCHELOR
title_short Alternative Formulations to Potentially Replace the Use of Hexahydrophthalic Anhydride in Coil Coatings
title_full Alternative Formulations to Potentially Replace the Use of Hexahydrophthalic Anhydride in Coil Coatings
title_fullStr Alternative Formulations to Potentially Replace the Use of Hexahydrophthalic Anhydride in Coil Coatings
title_full_unstemmed Alternative Formulations to Potentially Replace the Use of Hexahydrophthalic Anhydride in Coil Coatings
title_sort Alternative Formulations to Potentially Replace the Use of Hexahydrophthalic Anhydride in Coil Coatings
author_id_str_mv e0ad83aad7d178ef0b57c723f9d74cfd
author_id_fullname_str_mv e0ad83aad7d178ef0b57c723f9d74cfd_***_CHRISTOPHER BATCHELOR
author CHRISTOPHER BATCHELOR
author2 CHRISTOPHER BATCHELOR
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publishDate 2023
institution Swansea University
doi_str_mv 10.23889/SUthesis.63443
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering
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description A study was performed to investigate degradation of clear coats exposed to aggressive environments via accelerated and natural weathering and periodically analysed for changes in gloss and colour alongside InfraRed analysis, performed with the drive to potentially replace HHPA (Hexahydrophthalic Anhydride) in future coating systems. It was found that HHPA containing systems provided superior weathering resistance compared to other coating systems, with CHDA (Cyclohexanedicaboxylic acid)-CHDM (Cyclohexanedimethanol) coatings being the second best performing and CHDA the worst. It can be concluded that it is more likely that a co-monomer-based system would have the greater potential to produce comparable weathering resistance to HHPA than a single monomer-based coating.HHPA and CHDA containing pigmented systems were developed for weathering analysis, with the investigation showing that pigment addition did not influence coating performance, with CHDA still the poorer performing with regards to weathering.Free-standing films were developed to investigate UV absorbance of HHPA and CHDA coatings, showing that the absorbance profiles within the UV region are very similar, with the crosslinker appearing to exert a greater influence over CHDA coatings.An investigation was performed into the ability of HHPA and CHDA coatings to resist degradation in dark hydrolysis through immersion in water baths with IR, colour, and gloss analyses after 1,3, and 7 days. It was found that, in general, the CHDA containing coatings demonstrated worse performance than the HHPA variants, indicating a greater susceptibility to moisture related degradation.Computational Chemical Modelling was performed to gain a greater degree of insight to the reasons behind the differences in weathering resistance offered by the different coating systems. Modelling aimed to calculate the reactivity of different structures within the coating systems when combined with HHPA or CHDA, in addition to identifying areas within the structures that were susceptible to electrophilic or nucleophilic attack. It was found that the CHDA containing models exhibited significantly more sites vulnerable to attack, particularly nucleophilic attack which suggests a greater weakness to moisture and moisture enhanced photodegradation.From the research carried out, it has been shown that HHPA offers superior weathering resistance in coating systems compared to other similar cycloaliphatic monomers. This means that, at present, it has not been possible to identify a suitable replacement for HHPA within coatings and as such it would be unreasonable for HHPA to be classed as a Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) by REACH, as it would result in instances of coatings with lower work life expectancy.
published_date 2023-03-16T15:36:33Z
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score 11.016392

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