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Mitigating Detrimental Effect of Self‐Doping Near the Anode in Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells

Yong Kim, Oskar Sandberg Orcid Logo, Stefan Zeiske, Gregory Burwell Orcid Logo, Drew Riley, Paul Meredith Orcid Logo, Ardalan Armin Orcid Logo

Advanced Functional Materials, Volume: 33, Issue: 16

Swansea University Authors: Yong Kim, Oskar Sandberg Orcid Logo, Stefan Zeiske, Gregory Burwell Orcid Logo, Drew Riley, Paul Meredith Orcid Logo, Ardalan Armin Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1002/adfm.202300147

Abstract

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) has been one of the most established hole transport layers (HTL) in organic solar cells (OSCs) for several decades. However, the presence of PSS− ions is known to deteriorate device performance via a number of mechanisms including di...

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Published in: Advanced Functional Materials
ISSN: 1616-301X 1616-3028
Published: Wiley 2023
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa63787
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However, the presence of PSS− ions is known to deteriorate device performance via a number of mechanisms including diffusion to the HTL-active layer interface and unwanted local chemical reactions. In this study, it is shown that PSS− ions can also result in local p-doping in the high efficiency donor:non-fullerene acceptor blends – resulting in photocurrent loss. To address these issues, a facile and effective approach is reported to improve the OSC performance through a two-component hole transport layer (HTL) consisting of a self-assembled monolayer of 2PACz ([2-(9H-Carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid) and PEDOT:PSS. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.1% using devices with PEDOT:PSS HTL improved to 17.7% when the PEDOT:PSS/2PACz two-component HTL is used. The improved performance is attributed to the overlaid 2PACz layer preventing the formation of an intermixed p-doped PSS− ion rich region (≈5–10 nm) at the bulk heterojunction-HTL contact interface, resulting in decreased recombination losses and improved stability. 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A.A. is a Sêr Cymru II Rising Star Fellow and P.M. is a Sêr Cymru II National Research Chair. This work was also funded by UKRI through the EPSRC Program Grant EP/T028511/1 Application Targeted Integrated Photovoltaics. 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spelling v2 63787 2023-07-06 Mitigating Detrimental Effect of Self‐Doping Near the Anode in Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells 512fd36e6c36e8ae0fd6f89851eee891 Yong Kim Yong Kim true false 9e91512a54d5aee66cd77851a96ba747 0000-0003-3778-8746 Oskar Sandberg Oskar Sandberg true false 0c9c5b89df9ac882c3e09dd1a9f28fc5 Stefan Zeiske Stefan Zeiske true false 49890fbfbe127d4ae94bc10dc2b24199 0000-0002-2534-9626 Gregory Burwell Gregory Burwell true false edca1c48f922393fa2b3cb84d8dc0e4a Drew Riley Drew Riley true false 31e8fe57fa180d418afd48c3af280c2e 0000-0002-9049-7414 Paul Meredith Paul Meredith true false 22b270622d739d81e131bec7a819e2fd 0000-0002-6129-5354 Ardalan Armin Ardalan Armin true false 2023-07-06 SPH Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) has been one of the most established hole transport layers (HTL) in organic solar cells (OSCs) for several decades. However, the presence of PSS− ions is known to deteriorate device performance via a number of mechanisms including diffusion to the HTL-active layer interface and unwanted local chemical reactions. In this study, it is shown that PSS− ions can also result in local p-doping in the high efficiency donor:non-fullerene acceptor blends – resulting in photocurrent loss. To address these issues, a facile and effective approach is reported to improve the OSC performance through a two-component hole transport layer (HTL) consisting of a self-assembled monolayer of 2PACz ([2-(9H-Carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid) and PEDOT:PSS. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.1% using devices with PEDOT:PSS HTL improved to 17.7% when the PEDOT:PSS/2PACz two-component HTL is used. The improved performance is attributed to the overlaid 2PACz layer preventing the formation of an intermixed p-doped PSS− ion rich region (≈5–10 nm) at the bulk heterojunction-HTL contact interface, resulting in decreased recombination losses and improved stability. Moreover, the 2PACz monolayer is also found to reduce electrical shunts that ultimately yield improved performance in large area devices with PCE enhanced from 12.3% to 13.3% in 1 cm2 cells. Journal Article Advanced Functional Materials 33 16 Wiley 1616-301X 1616-3028 Self-doping, anode, organic solar cells 30 4 2023 2023-04-30 10.1002/adfm.202300147 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202300147 COLLEGE NANME Physics COLLEGE CODE SPH Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) This work was supported by the Welsh Government's Sêr Cymru II Program through the European Regional Development Fund, Welsh European Funding Office, and Swansea University strategic initiative in Sustainable Advanced Materials. A.A. is a Sêr Cymru II Rising Star Fellow and P.M. is a Sêr Cymru II National Research Chair. This work was also funded by UKRI through the EPSRC Program Grant EP/T028511/1 Application Targeted Integrated Photovoltaics. Swansea University. 2023-08-16T11:50:41.0650076 2023-07-06T11:42:53.2656138 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Physics Yong Kim 1 Oskar Sandberg 0000-0003-3778-8746 2 Stefan Zeiske 3 Gregory Burwell 0000-0002-2534-9626 4 Drew Riley 5 Paul Meredith 0000-0002-9049-7414 6 Ardalan Armin 0000-0002-6129-5354 7 63787__28045__081c7f717a104085867df6f7e0ec7f86.pdf 63787.VOR.pdf 2023-07-06T11:55:26.2670314 Output 3267510 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2023 The Authors. Advanced Functional Materials published by Wiley-VCH GmbH. Distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY 4.0). true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Mitigating Detrimental Effect of Self‐Doping Near the Anode in Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells
spellingShingle Mitigating Detrimental Effect of Self‐Doping Near the Anode in Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells
Yong Kim
Oskar Sandberg
Stefan Zeiske
Gregory Burwell
Drew Riley
Paul Meredith
Ardalan Armin
title_short Mitigating Detrimental Effect of Self‐Doping Near the Anode in Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells
title_full Mitigating Detrimental Effect of Self‐Doping Near the Anode in Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells
title_fullStr Mitigating Detrimental Effect of Self‐Doping Near the Anode in Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells
title_full_unstemmed Mitigating Detrimental Effect of Self‐Doping Near the Anode in Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells
title_sort Mitigating Detrimental Effect of Self‐Doping Near the Anode in Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells
author_id_str_mv 512fd36e6c36e8ae0fd6f89851eee891
9e91512a54d5aee66cd77851a96ba747
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49890fbfbe127d4ae94bc10dc2b24199
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31e8fe57fa180d418afd48c3af280c2e
22b270622d739d81e131bec7a819e2fd
author_id_fullname_str_mv 512fd36e6c36e8ae0fd6f89851eee891_***_Yong Kim
9e91512a54d5aee66cd77851a96ba747_***_Oskar Sandberg
0c9c5b89df9ac882c3e09dd1a9f28fc5_***_Stefan Zeiske
49890fbfbe127d4ae94bc10dc2b24199_***_Gregory Burwell
edca1c48f922393fa2b3cb84d8dc0e4a_***_Drew Riley
31e8fe57fa180d418afd48c3af280c2e_***_Paul Meredith
22b270622d739d81e131bec7a819e2fd_***_Ardalan Armin
author Yong Kim
Oskar Sandberg
Stefan Zeiske
Gregory Burwell
Drew Riley
Paul Meredith
Ardalan Armin
author2 Yong Kim
Oskar Sandberg
Stefan Zeiske
Gregory Burwell
Drew Riley
Paul Meredith
Ardalan Armin
format Journal article
container_title Advanced Functional Materials
container_volume 33
container_issue 16
publishDate 2023
institution Swansea University
issn 1616-301X
1616-3028
doi_str_mv 10.1002/adfm.202300147
publisher Wiley
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Physics{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Physics
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202300147
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) has been one of the most established hole transport layers (HTL) in organic solar cells (OSCs) for several decades. However, the presence of PSS− ions is known to deteriorate device performance via a number of mechanisms including diffusion to the HTL-active layer interface and unwanted local chemical reactions. In this study, it is shown that PSS− ions can also result in local p-doping in the high efficiency donor:non-fullerene acceptor blends – resulting in photocurrent loss. To address these issues, a facile and effective approach is reported to improve the OSC performance through a two-component hole transport layer (HTL) consisting of a self-assembled monolayer of 2PACz ([2-(9H-Carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid) and PEDOT:PSS. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.1% using devices with PEDOT:PSS HTL improved to 17.7% when the PEDOT:PSS/2PACz two-component HTL is used. The improved performance is attributed to the overlaid 2PACz layer preventing the formation of an intermixed p-doped PSS− ion rich region (≈5–10 nm) at the bulk heterojunction-HTL contact interface, resulting in decreased recombination losses and improved stability. Moreover, the 2PACz monolayer is also found to reduce electrical shunts that ultimately yield improved performance in large area devices with PCE enhanced from 12.3% to 13.3% in 1 cm2 cells.
published_date 2023-04-30T11:50:41Z
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