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Optimisation of CaCl2 impregnated expanded graphite and alginate matrices – Targeted salt loading

Jack Reynolds, Bahaa Abbas, Geraint Sullivan, Jonathon Elvins, Eifion Jewell Orcid Logo, Justin Searle Orcid Logo, Lorena Skevi, Xinyuan Ke Orcid Logo

Energy Conversion and Management, Volume: 302, Start page: 118145

Swansea University Authors: Jack Reynolds, Bahaa Abbas, Geraint Sullivan, Jonathon Elvins, Eifion Jewell Orcid Logo, Justin Searle Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118145

Abstract

The incorporation of salt hydrates in thermochemical energy storage is often limited by poor kinetics and mechanical instability during charge and discharge cycles. This study explores the influence of salt loading on the energy storage capacity and charge/discharge performance of salt-impregnated e...

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Published in: Energy Conversion and Management
ISSN: 0196-8904
Published: Elsevier BV 2024
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa65721
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This study explores the influence of salt loading on the energy storage capacity and charge/discharge performance of salt-impregnated expanded graphite and alginate composites. By controlling the salt bath concentration during composite synthesis, the quantity of salt within the bead can be regulated. Four composites have been synthesised with salt wt% values ranging from 63.7 to 77.2 %, resulting in salt volumetric densities form 0.22–0.52 g/cm3 and energy densities between 1052 and 1281 kJ/kg. The study found that increasing salt bath concentration above 60 % significantly decreases the porosity within the composite. This reduces moisture transfer kinetics and also fails to accommodate for salt expansion and deliquescence. Consequently, composites at near-maximum salt capacity displayed diminished discharge performance and charge efficiency. Conversely, samples below the saturation threshold exhibited greater heat output and charge efficiency, contained overhydration, and maintained structural integrity. These findings highlight the importance of carefully balancing energy storage capacity with improved reaction kinetics and stability to achieve an optimal storage solution in solar thermal systems or waste heat recovery.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Energy Conversion and Management</journal><volume>302</volume><journalNumber/><paginationStart>118145</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint>0196-8904</issnPrint><issnElectronic/><keywords>Thermal energy storage; Expanded graphite; Calcium chloride; Alginate; Salt loading</keywords><publishedDay>7</publishedDay><publishedMonth>2</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2024</publishedYear><publishedDate>2024-02-07</publishedDate><doi>10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118145</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm>SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal)</apcterm><funders>The authors would like to thank the Materials and Manufacturing Academy and COATED CDT (COATED M2A) in Swansea University, TATA Steel Colors, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC via UKRI) EP/S02252X/1, and the European Social Fund via the Welsh Government (WEFO) (c80816) for supporting the work described in this article.</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2024-03-01T15:19:50.0035946</lastEdited><Created>2024-03-01T12:37:17.3718088</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Jack</firstname><surname>Reynolds</surname><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Bahaa</firstname><surname>Abbas</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Geraint</firstname><surname>Sullivan</surname><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Jonathon</firstname><surname>Elvins</surname><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Eifion</firstname><surname>Jewell</surname><orcid>0000-0002-6894-2251</orcid><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Justin</firstname><surname>Searle</surname><orcid>0000-0003-1101-075X</orcid><order>6</order></author><author><firstname>Lorena</firstname><surname>Skevi</surname><order>7</order></author><author><firstname>Xinyuan</firstname><surname>Ke</surname><orcid>0000-0002-1239-6861</orcid><order>8</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>65721__29607__07a5aad16b91404b837c71144040ed74.pdf</filename><originalFilename>65721.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2024-03-01T15:18:24.2692348</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>20744706</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>©2024 TheAuthors. 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spelling v2 65721 2024-03-01 Optimisation of CaCl2 impregnated expanded graphite and alginate matrices – Targeted salt loading f09408c990d8ed1441ceca3a7d463c1a Jack Reynolds Jack Reynolds true false 70f72a44d3b1b045e0473147441a80d2 Bahaa Abbas Bahaa Abbas true false 3d9d9e2d27827cb652dd719deb20c28a Geraint Sullivan Geraint Sullivan true false 8f619d25f6c30f8af32bc634e4775e21 Jonathon Elvins Jonathon Elvins true false 13dc152c178d51abfe0634445b0acf07 0000-0002-6894-2251 Eifion Jewell Eifion Jewell true false 0e3f2c3812f181eaed11c45554d4cdd0 0000-0003-1101-075X Justin Searle Justin Searle true false 2024-03-01 The incorporation of salt hydrates in thermochemical energy storage is often limited by poor kinetics and mechanical instability during charge and discharge cycles. This study explores the influence of salt loading on the energy storage capacity and charge/discharge performance of salt-impregnated expanded graphite and alginate composites. By controlling the salt bath concentration during composite synthesis, the quantity of salt within the bead can be regulated. Four composites have been synthesised with salt wt% values ranging from 63.7 to 77.2 %, resulting in salt volumetric densities form 0.22–0.52 g/cm3 and energy densities between 1052 and 1281 kJ/kg. The study found that increasing salt bath concentration above 60 % significantly decreases the porosity within the composite. This reduces moisture transfer kinetics and also fails to accommodate for salt expansion and deliquescence. Consequently, composites at near-maximum salt capacity displayed diminished discharge performance and charge efficiency. Conversely, samples below the saturation threshold exhibited greater heat output and charge efficiency, contained overhydration, and maintained structural integrity. These findings highlight the importance of carefully balancing energy storage capacity with improved reaction kinetics and stability to achieve an optimal storage solution in solar thermal systems or waste heat recovery. Journal Article Energy Conversion and Management 302 118145 Elsevier BV 0196-8904 Thermal energy storage; Expanded graphite; Calcium chloride; Alginate; Salt loading 7 2 2024 2024-02-07 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118145 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) The authors would like to thank the Materials and Manufacturing Academy and COATED CDT (COATED M2A) in Swansea University, TATA Steel Colors, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC via UKRI) EP/S02252X/1, and the European Social Fund via the Welsh Government (WEFO) (c80816) for supporting the work described in this article. 2024-03-01T15:19:50.0035946 2024-03-01T12:37:17.3718088 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering Jack Reynolds 1 Bahaa Abbas 2 Geraint Sullivan 3 Jonathon Elvins 4 Eifion Jewell 0000-0002-6894-2251 5 Justin Searle 0000-0003-1101-075X 6 Lorena Skevi 7 Xinyuan Ke 0000-0002-1239-6861 8 65721__29607__07a5aad16b91404b837c71144040ed74.pdf 65721.pdf 2024-03-01T15:18:24.2692348 Output 20744706 application/pdf Version of Record true ©2024 TheAuthors. This is an open access article under the CC BY license true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Optimisation of CaCl2 impregnated expanded graphite and alginate matrices – Targeted salt loading
spellingShingle Optimisation of CaCl2 impregnated expanded graphite and alginate matrices – Targeted salt loading
Jack Reynolds
Bahaa Abbas
Geraint Sullivan
Jonathon Elvins
Eifion Jewell
Justin Searle
title_short Optimisation of CaCl2 impregnated expanded graphite and alginate matrices – Targeted salt loading
title_full Optimisation of CaCl2 impregnated expanded graphite and alginate matrices – Targeted salt loading
title_fullStr Optimisation of CaCl2 impregnated expanded graphite and alginate matrices – Targeted salt loading
title_full_unstemmed Optimisation of CaCl2 impregnated expanded graphite and alginate matrices – Targeted salt loading
title_sort Optimisation of CaCl2 impregnated expanded graphite and alginate matrices – Targeted salt loading
author_id_str_mv f09408c990d8ed1441ceca3a7d463c1a
70f72a44d3b1b045e0473147441a80d2
3d9d9e2d27827cb652dd719deb20c28a
8f619d25f6c30f8af32bc634e4775e21
13dc152c178d51abfe0634445b0acf07
0e3f2c3812f181eaed11c45554d4cdd0
author_id_fullname_str_mv f09408c990d8ed1441ceca3a7d463c1a_***_Jack Reynolds
70f72a44d3b1b045e0473147441a80d2_***_Bahaa Abbas
3d9d9e2d27827cb652dd719deb20c28a_***_Geraint Sullivan
8f619d25f6c30f8af32bc634e4775e21_***_Jonathon Elvins
13dc152c178d51abfe0634445b0acf07_***_Eifion Jewell
0e3f2c3812f181eaed11c45554d4cdd0_***_Justin Searle
author Jack Reynolds
Bahaa Abbas
Geraint Sullivan
Jonathon Elvins
Eifion Jewell
Justin Searle
author2 Jack Reynolds
Bahaa Abbas
Geraint Sullivan
Jonathon Elvins
Eifion Jewell
Justin Searle
Lorena Skevi
Xinyuan Ke
format Journal article
container_title Energy Conversion and Management
container_volume 302
container_start_page 118145
publishDate 2024
institution Swansea University
issn 0196-8904
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118145
publisher Elsevier BV
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description The incorporation of salt hydrates in thermochemical energy storage is often limited by poor kinetics and mechanical instability during charge and discharge cycles. This study explores the influence of salt loading on the energy storage capacity and charge/discharge performance of salt-impregnated expanded graphite and alginate composites. By controlling the salt bath concentration during composite synthesis, the quantity of salt within the bead can be regulated. Four composites have been synthesised with salt wt% values ranging from 63.7 to 77.2 %, resulting in salt volumetric densities form 0.22–0.52 g/cm3 and energy densities between 1052 and 1281 kJ/kg. The study found that increasing salt bath concentration above 60 % significantly decreases the porosity within the composite. This reduces moisture transfer kinetics and also fails to accommodate for salt expansion and deliquescence. Consequently, composites at near-maximum salt capacity displayed diminished discharge performance and charge efficiency. Conversely, samples below the saturation threshold exhibited greater heat output and charge efficiency, contained overhydration, and maintained structural integrity. These findings highlight the importance of carefully balancing energy storage capacity with improved reaction kinetics and stability to achieve an optimal storage solution in solar thermal systems or waste heat recovery.
published_date 2024-02-07T15:19:45Z
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score 11.012678

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