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Next Generation Sandwich Composite Structures with Enhanced Impact Properties / RUSSO SWART

Swansea University Author: RUSSO SWART

  • E-Thesis under embargo until: 5th March 2025

DOI (Published version): 10.23889/SUthesis.66154

Abstract

The primary aim of this project was to successfully produce a ground-breaking PA6/Graphene nanoplatelet reinforced 3D printing filament material, with the intention to fabricate a novel next generation sandwich composite structure with enhanced impact properties. The novel next generation sandwich c...

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Published: Swansea University, Wales, UK 2024
Institution: Swansea University
Degree level: Doctoral
Degree name: Ph.D
Supervisor: Korkees, F.
URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa66154
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This was to enhance the impact resistance, compressive modulus, compressive strength and energy absorption capabilities, and the residual compressive properties of PA6. Additionally, the auxetic re- entrant core and hybrid (a combination of the re-entrant and honeycomb cells) core topology were compared to the conventional honeycomb core. This was to determine if the auxetic core topology was superior in impact resistance and compressive properties, as well as in residual compressive properties, and to explore the possibility of replacing it. The first set of experimental methods involved analysing the in-plane compressive properties and deformation mechanisms of sandwich structures with a honeycomb, hybrid, or auxetic re-entrant core alongside continuous fibre-reinforcement in the face sheets. The properties were evaluated by performing in-plane uniaxial compression and a drop-weight low-velocity impact test to analyse the residual compressive properties. Kevlar fibres and carbon fibres were used as fibre-reinforcements in various fibre orientations, and a continuous fibre reinforcement 3D printer was utilised for the fabrication of the fibre-reinforced sandwich structures. An additional objective was to investigate if fibre-reinforcement enhanced the compressive properties of the core, and if it enhanced the residual compressive properties after low-velocity impact. A comparison in compressive properties and impact resistance between neat PA6 structures and fibre- reinforced sandwich structures showed that fibre-reinforced structures were inferior to neat PA6 sandwich structures. Secondly, the same set of experiments and analysis was replicated for the novel PA6/Amine-functionalised graphene nanoplatelet reinforced sandwich structures. These sandwich structures were printed using fused filament fabrication. Amine-functionalised graphene nanoplatelets were dispersed into a PA6 matrix at 1%,2%,3% and 4% concentrations using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. A filament extruder was used for the manufacturing of the novel 3D printing filament material. A scanning electron microscope was used to investigate graphene nanoplatelet dispersion and their bonding behaviour within the matrix. A high depth of field analysis and microscopy approach was taken to investigate fibre lay-ups, 3D printing defects, core failure, face sheet failure, and indentation failure for both types of sandwich structures. The reinforcement of Amine-functionalised graphene nanoplatelets, in particular 2% filler concentration exhibited improved resistance against impact and enhanced compressive properties when compared to neat PA6. 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spelling v2 66154 2024-04-25 Next Generation Sandwich Composite Structures with Enhanced Impact Properties 3bd9afa21c7c116e5ef675b50b079c34 RUSSO SWART RUSSO SWART true false 2024-04-25 The primary aim of this project was to successfully produce a ground-breaking PA6/Graphene nanoplatelet reinforced 3D printing filament material, with the intention to fabricate a novel next generation sandwich composite structure with enhanced impact properties. The novel next generation sandwich composite structure contained an auxetic re-entrant core and Amine-functionalised graphene nanoplatelets. This was to enhance the impact resistance, compressive modulus, compressive strength and energy absorption capabilities, and the residual compressive properties of PA6. Additionally, the auxetic re- entrant core and hybrid (a combination of the re-entrant and honeycomb cells) core topology were compared to the conventional honeycomb core. This was to determine if the auxetic core topology was superior in impact resistance and compressive properties, as well as in residual compressive properties, and to explore the possibility of replacing it. The first set of experimental methods involved analysing the in-plane compressive properties and deformation mechanisms of sandwich structures with a honeycomb, hybrid, or auxetic re-entrant core alongside continuous fibre-reinforcement in the face sheets. The properties were evaluated by performing in-plane uniaxial compression and a drop-weight low-velocity impact test to analyse the residual compressive properties. Kevlar fibres and carbon fibres were used as fibre-reinforcements in various fibre orientations, and a continuous fibre reinforcement 3D printer was utilised for the fabrication of the fibre-reinforced sandwich structures. An additional objective was to investigate if fibre-reinforcement enhanced the compressive properties of the core, and if it enhanced the residual compressive properties after low-velocity impact. A comparison in compressive properties and impact resistance between neat PA6 structures and fibre- reinforced sandwich structures showed that fibre-reinforced structures were inferior to neat PA6 sandwich structures. Secondly, the same set of experiments and analysis was replicated for the novel PA6/Amine-functionalised graphene nanoplatelet reinforced sandwich structures. These sandwich structures were printed using fused filament fabrication. Amine-functionalised graphene nanoplatelets were dispersed into a PA6 matrix at 1%,2%,3% and 4% concentrations using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. A filament extruder was used for the manufacturing of the novel 3D printing filament material. A scanning electron microscope was used to investigate graphene nanoplatelet dispersion and their bonding behaviour within the matrix. A high depth of field analysis and microscopy approach was taken to investigate fibre lay-ups, 3D printing defects, core failure, face sheet failure, and indentation failure for both types of sandwich structures. The reinforcement of Amine-functionalised graphene nanoplatelets, in particular 2% filler concentration exhibited improved resistance against impact and enhanced compressive properties when compared to neat PA6. The substitution of the auxetic corereported superior compressive properties and residual compressive properties. E-Thesis Swansea University, Wales, UK 3D printing, Composites, Graphene Nanoplatelets, Auxetic Structures, Nylon, Polymers, Impact properties, Energy Absorption, Compressive properties, Filament fabrication, Fibre-reinforcement, Amine-Functionalised graphene, Sandwich composites, Re-entrant, Honeycomb, Negative Poisson’s ratio, In-plane compression, Twin-screw extrusion, PA6/GnP Reinforcement 13 3 2024 2024-03-13 10.23889/SUthesis.66154 A selection of content is redacted or is partially redacted from this thesis to protect sensitive and personal information. COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University Korkees, F. Doctoral Ph.D 2024-06-05T14:33:19.3763068 2024-04-25T10:29:48.9472061 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering RUSSO SWART 1 Under embargo Under embargo 2024-04-25T10:49:00.5449720 Output 11978505 application/pdf E-Thesis true 2025-03-05T00:00:00.0000000 Distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
title Next Generation Sandwich Composite Structures with Enhanced Impact Properties
spellingShingle Next Generation Sandwich Composite Structures with Enhanced Impact Properties
RUSSO SWART
title_short Next Generation Sandwich Composite Structures with Enhanced Impact Properties
title_full Next Generation Sandwich Composite Structures with Enhanced Impact Properties
title_fullStr Next Generation Sandwich Composite Structures with Enhanced Impact Properties
title_full_unstemmed Next Generation Sandwich Composite Structures with Enhanced Impact Properties
title_sort Next Generation Sandwich Composite Structures with Enhanced Impact Properties
author_id_str_mv 3bd9afa21c7c116e5ef675b50b079c34
author_id_fullname_str_mv 3bd9afa21c7c116e5ef675b50b079c34_***_RUSSO SWART
author RUSSO SWART
author2 RUSSO SWART
format E-Thesis
publishDate 2024
institution Swansea University
doi_str_mv 10.23889/SUthesis.66154
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering
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description The primary aim of this project was to successfully produce a ground-breaking PA6/Graphene nanoplatelet reinforced 3D printing filament material, with the intention to fabricate a novel next generation sandwich composite structure with enhanced impact properties. The novel next generation sandwich composite structure contained an auxetic re-entrant core and Amine-functionalised graphene nanoplatelets. This was to enhance the impact resistance, compressive modulus, compressive strength and energy absorption capabilities, and the residual compressive properties of PA6. Additionally, the auxetic re- entrant core and hybrid (a combination of the re-entrant and honeycomb cells) core topology were compared to the conventional honeycomb core. This was to determine if the auxetic core topology was superior in impact resistance and compressive properties, as well as in residual compressive properties, and to explore the possibility of replacing it. The first set of experimental methods involved analysing the in-plane compressive properties and deformation mechanisms of sandwich structures with a honeycomb, hybrid, or auxetic re-entrant core alongside continuous fibre-reinforcement in the face sheets. The properties were evaluated by performing in-plane uniaxial compression and a drop-weight low-velocity impact test to analyse the residual compressive properties. Kevlar fibres and carbon fibres were used as fibre-reinforcements in various fibre orientations, and a continuous fibre reinforcement 3D printer was utilised for the fabrication of the fibre-reinforced sandwich structures. An additional objective was to investigate if fibre-reinforcement enhanced the compressive properties of the core, and if it enhanced the residual compressive properties after low-velocity impact. A comparison in compressive properties and impact resistance between neat PA6 structures and fibre- reinforced sandwich structures showed that fibre-reinforced structures were inferior to neat PA6 sandwich structures. Secondly, the same set of experiments and analysis was replicated for the novel PA6/Amine-functionalised graphene nanoplatelet reinforced sandwich structures. These sandwich structures were printed using fused filament fabrication. Amine-functionalised graphene nanoplatelets were dispersed into a PA6 matrix at 1%,2%,3% and 4% concentrations using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. A filament extruder was used for the manufacturing of the novel 3D printing filament material. A scanning electron microscope was used to investigate graphene nanoplatelet dispersion and their bonding behaviour within the matrix. A high depth of field analysis and microscopy approach was taken to investigate fibre lay-ups, 3D printing defects, core failure, face sheet failure, and indentation failure for both types of sandwich structures. The reinforcement of Amine-functionalised graphene nanoplatelets, in particular 2% filler concentration exhibited improved resistance against impact and enhanced compressive properties when compared to neat PA6. The substitution of the auxetic corereported superior compressive properties and residual compressive properties.
published_date 2024-03-13T14:33:18Z
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score 11.036531

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