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SARS-CoV-2 Omicron is an immune escape variant with an altered cell entry pathway
Brian J. Willett 
,
Joe Grove ,
Oscar A. MacLean,
Craig Wilkie ,
Giuditta De Lorenzo ,
Wilhelm Furnon ,
Diego Cantoni,
Sam Scott ,
Nicola Logan,
Shirin Ashraf ,
Maria Manali,
Agnieszka Szemiel,
Vanessa Cowton ,
Elen Vink ,
William T. Harvey,
Chris Davis,
Patawee Asamaphan,
Katherine Smollett,
Lily Tong ,
Richard Orton,
Joseph Hughes ,
Poppy Holland ,
Vanessa Silva,
David J. Pascall ,
Kathryn Puxty ,
Ana da Silva Filipe ,
Gonzalo Yebra ,
Sharif Shaaban,
Matthew T. G. Holden,
Rute Maria Pinto,
Rory Gunson,
Kate Templeton,
Pablo R. Murcia ,
Arvind H. Patel ,
Paul Klenerman,
Susanna Dunachie ,
Susanna Dunachie,
Paul Klenerman,
Eleanor Barnes,
Anthony Brown,
Sandra Adele,
Barbara Kronsteiner,
Sam M. Murray,
Priyanka Abraham,
Alexandra Deeks,
M. Azim Ansari,
Thushan de Silva,
Lance Turtle,
Shona Moore,
James Austin,
Alex Richter,
Christopher Duncan,
Rebecca Payne,
Amy Ash,
Cherian Koshy,
Beatrix Kele,
Teresa Cutino-Moguel,
Derek J. Fairley,
James P. McKenna,
Tanya Curran,
Helen Adams,
Christophe Fraser,
David Bonsall,
Helen Fryer,
Katrina Lythgoe,
Laura Thomson,
Tanya Golubchik,
Abigail Murray,
Dawn Singleton,
Shaun M. Beckwith,
Anna Mantzouratou,
Magdalena Barrow,
Sarah L. Buchan,
Nicola Reynolds,
Ben Warne,
Joshua Maksimovic,
Karla Spellman,
Kathryn McCluggage,
Michaela John,
Robert Beer,
Safiah Afifi,
Sian Morgan,
Andrew Mack,
Angela Marchbank,
Anna Price,
Arthur Morriss,
Catherine Bresner,
Christine Kitchen,
Ian Merrick,
Joel Southgate,
Martyn Guest,
Owen Jones,
Robert Munn,
Thomas R. Connor,
Thomas Whalley,
Trudy Workman,
William Fuller,
Amita Patel,
Bindi Patel,
Gaia Nebbia,
Jonathan Edgeworth,
Luke B. Snell,
Rahul Batra,
Themoula Charalampous,
Angela H. Beckett,
Ekaterina Shelest,
Samuel C. Robson,
Anthony P. Underwood,
Ben E. W. Taylor,
Corin A. Yeats,
David M. Aanensen,
Khalil Abudahab,
Mirko Menegazzo,
Amelia Joseph,
Gemma Clark,
Hannah C. Howson-Wells,
Louise Berry,
Manjinder Khakh,
Michelle M. Lister,
Tim Boswell,
Vicki M. Fleming,
Christopher W. Holmes,
Claire L. McMurray,
Jessica Shaw,
Julian W. Tang,
Karlie Fallon,
Mina Odedra,
Nicholas J. Willford,
Paul W. Bird,
Thomas Helmer,
Lesley-Anne Williams,
Nicola Sheriff,
Sharon Campbell,
Veena Raviprakash,
Victoria Blakey,
Christopher Moore,
Fei Sang,
Johnny Debebe,
Matthew Carlile,
Matthew W. Loose,
Nadine Holmes,
Victoria Wright,
M. Estee Torok,
William L. Hamilton,
Alessandro M. Carabelli,
Andrew Jermy,
Beth Blane,
Carol M. Churcher,
Catherine Ludden,
Dinesh Aggarwal,
Elaine Westwick,
Ellena Brooks,
Georgina M. McManus,
Katerina Galai,
Ken Smith,
Kim S. Smith,
MacGregor Cox,
Mireille Fragakis,
Patrick Maxwell,
Sarah Judges,
Sharon J. Peacock,
Theresa Feltwell,
Anita Kenyon,
Sahar Eldirdiri,
Thomas Davis,
Joshua F. Taylor,
Ngee Keong Tan,
Alex E. Zarebski,
Bernardo Gutierrez,
Jayna Raghwani,
Louis du Plessis,
Moritz U. G. Kraemer,
Oliver G. Pybus,
Sarah Francois,
Stephen W. Attwood,
Tetyana I. Vasylyeva,
Aminu S. Jahun,
Ian G. Goodfellow,
Iliana Georgana,
Malte L. Pinckert,
Myra Hosmillo,
Rhys Izuagbe,
Yasmin Chaudhry,
Felicity Ryan,
Hannah Lowe,
Samuel Moses,
Luke Bedford,
James S. Cargill,
Warwick Hughes,
Jonathan Moore,
Susanne Stonehouse,
Divya Shah,
Jack C. D. Lee,
Julianne R. Brown,
Kathryn A. Harris,
Laura Atkinson,
Nathaniel Storey,
Moira J. Spyer,
Flavia Flaviani,
Adela Alcolea-Medina,
Jasveen Sehmi,
John Ramble,
Natasha Ohemeng-Kumi,
Perminder Smith,
Beatrice Bertolusso,
Claire Thomas,
Gabrielle Vernet,
Jessica Lynch,
Nathan Moore,
Nicholas Cortes,
Rebecca Williams,
Stephen P. Kidd,
Lisa J. Levett,
Monika Pusok,
Paul R. Grant,
Stuart Kirk,
Wendy Chatterton,
Li Xu-McCrae,
Darren L. Smith,
Gregory R. Young,
Matthew Bashton,
Katie Kitchman,
Kavitha Gajee,
Kirstine Eastick,
Patrick J. Lillie,
Phillipa J. Burns,
William Everson,
Alison Cox,
Alison H. Holmes,
Frances Bolt,
James R. Price,
Marcus Pond,
Paul A. Randell,
Pinglawathee Madona,
Siddharth Mookerjee,
Erik M. Volz,
Lily Geidelberg,
Manon Ragonnet-Cronin,
Olivia Boyd,
Rob Johnson,
Cassie F. Pope,
Adam A. Witney,
Irene M. Monahan,
Kenneth G. Laing,
Katherine L. Smollett,
Alan McNally,
Claire McMurray,
Joanne Stockton,
Joshua Quick,
Nicholas J. Loman,
Radoslaw Poplawski,
Sam Nicholls,
Will Rowe,
Anibolina Castigador,
Emily Macnaughton,
Kate El Bouzidi,
Malur Sudhanva,
Temi Lampejo,
Rocio T. Martinez Nunez,
Cassie Breen,
Graciela Sluga,
Karen T. Withell,
Nicholas W. Machin,
Ryan P. George,
Shazaad S. Y. Ahmad,
David T. Pritchard,
Debbie Binns,
Nick Wong,
Victoria James,
Cheryl Williams,
Chris J. Illingworth,
Chris Jackson,
Daniela de Angelis,
David Pascall,
Afrida Mukaddas,
Alice Broos,
Ana da Silva Filipe,
Daniel Mair,
David L. Robertson,
Derek W. Wright,
Emma C. Thomson,
Igor Starinskij,
Ioulia Tsatsani,
James G. Shepherd,
Jenna Nichols,
Joseph Hughes,
Kyriaki Nomikou,
Lily Tong,
Richard J. Orton,
Sreenu Vattipally,
William T. Harvey,
Roy Sanderson,
Sarah O’Brien,
Steven Rushton,
Jon Perkins,
Rachel Blacow,
Rory N. Gunson,
Abbie Gallagher,
Elizabeth Wastnedge,
Kate E. Templeton,
Martin P. McHugh,
Rebecca Dewar,
Seb Cotton,
Lindsay Coupland,
Rachael Stanley,
Samir Dervisevic,
Lewis G. Spurgin,
Louise Smith,
Clive Graham,
Debra Padgett,
Edward Barton,
Garren Scott,
Aidan Cross,
Mariyam Mirfenderesky,
Emma Swindells,
Jane Greenaway,
Rebecca Denton-Smith,
Robyn Turnbull,
Giles Idle,
Kevin Cole,
Amy Hollis,
Andrew Nelson,
Clare M. McCann,
John H. Henderson,
Matthew R. Crown,
Wen C. Yew,
William Stanley,
Nichola Duckworth,
Phillip Clarke,
Sarah Walsh,
Tim J. Sloan,
Kelly Bicknell,
Robert Impey,
Sarah Wyllie,
Scott Elliott,
Sharon Glaysher,
Declan T. Bradley,
Nicholas F. Killough,
Tim Wyatt,
Andrew Bosworth,
Barry B. Vipond,
Clare Pearson,
Elias Allara,
Esther Robinson,
Hannah M. Pymont,
Husam Osman,
Peter Muir,
Richard Hopes,
Stephanie Hutchings,
Martin D. Curran,
Surendra Parmar,
Alicia Thornton,
Angie Lackenby,
Chloe Bishop,
David Bibby,
David Lee,
Eileen Gallagher,
Gavin Dabrera,
Ian Harrison,
Jonathan Hubb,
Katherine A. Twohig,
Meera Chand,
Nicholas Ellaby,
Nikos Manesis,
Richard Myers,
Steven Platt,
Tamyo Mbisa,
Vicki Chalker,
Gonzalo Yebra,
Matthew T. G. Holden,
Sharif Shaaban,
Stefan Rooke,
Alec Birchley,
Alexander Adams,
Alisha Davies,
Amy Gaskin,
Bree Gatica-Wilcox,
Caoimhe McKerr,
Catherine Moore,
Catryn Williams,
Chris Williams,
David Heyburn,
Elen De Lacy,
Ember Hilvers,
Fatima Downing,
Georgia Pugh,
Hannah Jones,
Hibo Asad,
Jason Coombes,
Jessica Hey,
Jessica Powell,
Joanne Watkins,
Johnathan M. Evans,
Laia Fina,
Laura Gifford,
Lauren Gilbert,
Lee Graham,
Malorie Perry,
Mari Morgan,
Matthew Bull,
Nicole Pacchiarini,
Noel Craine,
Sally Corden,
Sara Kumziene-Summerhayes,
Sara Rey,
Sarah Taylor,
Simon Cottrell,
Sophie Jones,
Sue Edwards,
Tara Annett,
Alexander J. Trotter,
Alison E. Mather,
Alp Aydin,
Andrew J. Page,
David J. Baker,
Ebenezer Foster-Nyarko,
Gemma L. Kay,
Justin O’Grady,
Leonardo de Oliveira Martins,
Lizzie Meadows,
Nabil-Fareed Alikhan,
Sophie J. Prosolek,
Steven Rudder,
Thanh Le-Viet,
Anna Casey,
Liz Ratcliffe,
Aditi Singh,
Arun Mariappan,
Chris Baxter,
Clara Radulescu,
David A. Simpson,
Deborah Lavin,
Fiona Rogan,
Julia Miskelly,
Marc Fuchs,
Miao Tang,
Sílvia F. Carvalho,
Stephen Bridgett,
Timofey Skvortsov,
Zoltan Molnar,
Newara A. Ramadan,
Bridget A. Knight,
Christopher R. Jones,
Cressida Auckland,
Helen Morcrette,
Jennifer Poyner,
Dianne Irish-Tavares,
Eric Witele,
Jennifer Hart,
Tabitha W. Mahungu,
Tanzina Haque,
Yann Bourgeois,
Christopher Fearn,
Kate F. Cook,
Katie F. Loveson,
Salman Goudarzi,
Cariad Evans,
David G. Partridge,
Kate Johnson,
Mehmet Yavus,
Mohammad Raza,
Craig Mower,
Paul Baker,
Sarah Essex,
Stephen Bonner,
Leanne J. Murray,
Louisa K. Watson,
Steven Liggett,
Andrew I. Lawton,
Ronan A. Lyons,
Brendan A. I. Payne,
Gary Eltringham,
Jennifer Collins,
Sheila Waugh,
Shirelle Burton-Fanning,
Yusri Taha,
Christopher Jeanes,
Andrea N. Gomes,
Darren R. Murray,
Maimuna Kimuli,
Donald Dobie,
Paula Ashfield,
Angus Best,
Benita Percival,
Emma Moles-Garcia,
Fiona Ashford,
Jeremy Mirza,
Liam Crawford,
Megan Mayhew,
Nicola Cumley,
Oliver Megram,
Dan Frampton,
Judith Heaney,
Matthew Byott,
Catherine Houlihan,
Charlotte A. Williams,
Eleni Nastouli,
Helen L. Lowe,
John A. Hartley,
Judith Breuer,
Laurentiu Maftei,
Leah Ensell,
Marius Cotic,
Matteo Mondani,
Megan Driscoll,
Nadua Bayzid,
Rachel J. Williams,
Sunando Roy,
Adhyana I. K. Mahanama,
Buddhini Samaraweera,
Eleri Wilson-Davies,
Emanuela Pelosi,
Helen Umpleby,
Helen Wheeler,
Jacqui A. Prieto,
Kordo Saeed,
Matthew Harvey,
Sarah Jeremiah,
Siona Silviera,
Stephen Aplin,
Thea Sass,
Ben Macklin,
Dorian Crudgington,
Liz A. Sheridan,
Benjamin J. Cogger,
Cassandra S. Malone,
Florence Munemo,
Hannah Huckson,
Jonathan Lewis,
Lisa J. Easton,
Manasa Mutingwende,
Michelle J. Erkiert,
Mohammed O. Hassan-Ibrahim,
Nicola J. Chaloner,
Olga Podplomyk,
Paul Randell,
Roberto Nicodemi,
Sarah Lowdon,
Thomas Somassa,
Alex Richter,
Andrew Beggs,
Andrew R. Hesketh,
Colin P. Smith,
Giselda Bucca,
Chris Ruis,
Claire Cormie,
Ellen E. Higginson,
Jamie Young,
Joana Dias,
Leanne M. Kermack,
Mailis Maes,
Ravi K. Gupta,
Sally Forrest,
Sophia T. Girgis,
Rose K. Davidson,
Áine O’Toole,
Andrew Rambaut,
Ben Jackson,
Carlos E. Balcazar,
Daniel Maloney,
Emily Scher,
J. T. McCrone,
Kathleen A. Williamson,
Michael D. Gallagher,
Nathan Medd,
Rachel Colquhoun,
Thomas D. Stanton,
Thomas Williams,
Verity Hill,
Aaron R. Jeffries,
Ben Temperton,
Christine M. Sambles,
David J. Studholme,
Joanna Warwick-Dugdale,
Leigh M. Jackson,
Michelle L. Michelsen,
Robin Manley,
Stephen L. Michell,
Alistair C. Darby,
Anita O. Lucaci,
Charlotte Nelson,
Claudia Wierzbicki,
Edith E. Vamos,
Hermione J. Webster,
Kathryn A. Jackson,
Lucille Rainbow,
Margaret Hughes,
Mark Whitehead,
Matthew Gemmell,
Miren Iturriza-Gomara,
Richard Eccles,
Richard Gregory,
Sam T. Haldenby,
Steve Paterson,
Adrienn Angyal,
Alexander J. Keeley,
Benjamin H. Foulkes,
Benjamin B. Lindsey,
Dennis Wang,
Hailey R. Hornsby,
Luke R. Green,
Manoj Pohare,
Marta Gallis,
Matthew D. Parker,
Max Whiteley,
Nikki Smith,
Paige Wolverson,
Peijun Zhang,
Samantha E. Hansford,
Sharon N. Hsu,
Stavroula F. Louka,
Thushan I. de Silva,
Timothy M. Freeman,
Matilde Mori,
Emily J. Park,
Jack D. Hill,
Jayasree Dey,
Jonathan Ball,
Joseph G. Chappell,
Patrick C. McClure,
Timothy Byaruhanga,
Arezou Fanaie,
Geraldine Yaze,
Rachel A. Hilson,
Amy Trebes,
Angie Green,
David Buck,
George MacIntyre-Cockett,
John A. Todd,
Andrew R. Bassett,
Andrew Whitwham,
Cordelia F. Langford,
Diana Rajan,
Dominic Kwiatkowski,
Ewan M. Harrison,
Iraad F. Bronner,
Jaime M. Tovar-Corona,
Jennifier Liddle,
Jillian Durham,
Katherine L. Bellis,
Kevin Lewis,
Louise Aigrain,
Nicholas M. Redshaw,
Robert M. Davies,
Robin J. Moll,
Shane A. McCarthy,
Stefanie V. Lensing,
Steven Leonard,
Ben W. Farr,
Carol Scott,
Charlotte Beaver,
Cristina V. Ariani,
Danni Weldon,
David K. Jackson,
Emma Betteridge,
Gerry Tonkin-Hill,
Ian Johnston,
Inigo Martincorena,
James Bonfield,
Jeffrey C. Barrett,
John Sillitoe,
Jon-Paul Keatley,
Karen Oliver,
Keith James,
Lesley Shirley,
Liam Prestwood,
Luke Foulser,
Marina Gourtovaia,
Matthew J. Dorman,
Michael A. Quail,
Michael H. Spencer Chapman,
Naomi R. Park,
Rich Livett,
Roberto Amato,
Sally Kay,
Scott Goodwin,
Scott A. J. Thurston,
Shavanthi Rajatileka,
Sónia Gonçalves,
Stephanie Lo,
Theo Sanderson,
Alasdair Maclean,
Emily J. Goldstein,
Lynne Ferguson,
Rachael Tomb,
Jana Catalan,
Neil Jones,
John Haughney,
David L. Robertson ,
Massimo Palmarini,
Surajit Ray ,
Emma C. Thomson ,
(PITCH Consortium),
(The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium),
Ronan Lyons
,
Joe Grove ,
Oscar A. MacLean,
Craig Wilkie ,
Giuditta De Lorenzo ,
Wilhelm Furnon ,
Diego Cantoni,
Sam Scott ,
Nicola Logan,
Shirin Ashraf ,
Maria Manali,
Agnieszka Szemiel,
Vanessa Cowton ,
Elen Vink ,
William T. Harvey,
Chris Davis,
Patawee Asamaphan,
Katherine Smollett,
Lily Tong ,
Richard Orton,
Joseph Hughes ,
Poppy Holland ,
Vanessa Silva,
David J. Pascall ,
Kathryn Puxty ,
Ana da Silva Filipe ,
Gonzalo Yebra ,
Sharif Shaaban,
Matthew T. G. Holden,
Rute Maria Pinto,
Rory Gunson,
Kate Templeton,
Pablo R. Murcia ,
Arvind H. Patel ,
Paul Klenerman,
Susanna Dunachie ,
Susanna Dunachie,
Paul Klenerman,
Eleanor Barnes,
Anthony Brown,
Sandra Adele,
Barbara Kronsteiner,
Sam M. Murray,
Priyanka Abraham,
Alexandra Deeks,
M. Azim Ansari,
Thushan de Silva,
Lance Turtle,
Shona Moore,
James Austin,
Alex Richter,
Christopher Duncan,
Rebecca Payne,
Amy Ash,
Cherian Koshy,
Beatrix Kele,
Teresa Cutino-Moguel,
Derek J. Fairley,
James P. McKenna,
Tanya Curran,
Helen Adams,
Christophe Fraser,
David Bonsall,
Helen Fryer,
Katrina Lythgoe,
Laura Thomson,
Tanya Golubchik,
Abigail Murray,
Dawn Singleton,
Shaun M. Beckwith,
Anna Mantzouratou,
Magdalena Barrow,
Sarah L. Buchan,
Nicola Reynolds,
Ben Warne,
Joshua Maksimovic,
Karla Spellman,
Kathryn McCluggage,
Michaela John,
Robert Beer,
Safiah Afifi,
Sian Morgan,
Andrew Mack,
Angela Marchbank,
Anna Price,
Arthur Morriss,
Catherine Bresner,
Christine Kitchen,
Ian Merrick,
Joel Southgate,
Martyn Guest,
Owen Jones,
Robert Munn,
Thomas R. Connor,
Thomas Whalley,
Trudy Workman,
William Fuller,
Amita Patel,
Bindi Patel,
Gaia Nebbia,
Jonathan Edgeworth,
Luke B. Snell,
Rahul Batra,
Themoula Charalampous,
Angela H. Beckett,
Ekaterina Shelest,
Samuel C. Robson,
Anthony P. Underwood,
Ben E. W. Taylor,
Corin A. Yeats,
David M. Aanensen,
Khalil Abudahab,
Mirko Menegazzo,
Amelia Joseph,
Gemma Clark,
Hannah C. Howson-Wells,
Louise Berry,
Manjinder Khakh,
Michelle M. Lister,
Tim Boswell,
Vicki M. Fleming,
Christopher W. Holmes,
Claire L. McMurray,
Jessica Shaw,
Julian W. Tang,
Karlie Fallon,
Mina Odedra,
Nicholas J. Willford,
Paul W. Bird,
Thomas Helmer,
Lesley-Anne Williams,
Nicola Sheriff,
Sharon Campbell,
Veena Raviprakash,
Victoria Blakey,
Christopher Moore,
Fei Sang,
Johnny Debebe,
Matthew Carlile,
Matthew W. Loose,
Nadine Holmes,
Victoria Wright,
M. Estee Torok,
William L. Hamilton,
Alessandro M. Carabelli,
Andrew Jermy,
Beth Blane,
Carol M. Churcher,
Catherine Ludden,
Dinesh Aggarwal,
Elaine Westwick,
Ellena Brooks,
Georgina M. McManus,
Katerina Galai,
Ken Smith,
Kim S. Smith,
MacGregor Cox,
Mireille Fragakis,
Patrick Maxwell,
Sarah Judges,
Sharon J. Peacock,
Theresa Feltwell,
Anita Kenyon,
Sahar Eldirdiri,
Thomas Davis,
Joshua F. Taylor,
Ngee Keong Tan,
Alex E. Zarebski,
Bernardo Gutierrez,
Jayna Raghwani,
Louis du Plessis,
Moritz U. G. Kraemer,
Oliver G. Pybus,
Sarah Francois,
Stephen W. Attwood,
Tetyana I. Vasylyeva,
Aminu S. Jahun,
Ian G. Goodfellow,
Iliana Georgana,
Malte L. Pinckert,
Myra Hosmillo,
Rhys Izuagbe,
Yasmin Chaudhry,
Felicity Ryan,
Hannah Lowe,
Samuel Moses,
Luke Bedford,
James S. Cargill,
Warwick Hughes,
Jonathan Moore,
Susanne Stonehouse,
Divya Shah,
Jack C. D. Lee,
Julianne R. Brown,
Kathryn A. Harris,
Laura Atkinson,
Nathaniel Storey,
Moira J. Spyer,
Flavia Flaviani,
Adela Alcolea-Medina,
Jasveen Sehmi,
John Ramble,
Natasha Ohemeng-Kumi,
Perminder Smith,
Beatrice Bertolusso,
Claire Thomas,
Gabrielle Vernet,
Jessica Lynch,
Nathan Moore,
Nicholas Cortes,
Rebecca Williams,
Stephen P. Kidd,
Lisa J. Levett,
Monika Pusok,
Paul R. Grant,
Stuart Kirk,
Wendy Chatterton,
Li Xu-McCrae,
Darren L. Smith,
Gregory R. Young,
Matthew Bashton,
Katie Kitchman,
Kavitha Gajee,
Kirstine Eastick,
Patrick J. Lillie,
Phillipa J. Burns,
William Everson,
Alison Cox,
Alison H. Holmes,
Frances Bolt,
James R. Price,
Marcus Pond,
Paul A. Randell,
Pinglawathee Madona,
Siddharth Mookerjee,
Erik M. Volz,
Lily Geidelberg,
Manon Ragonnet-Cronin,
Olivia Boyd,
Rob Johnson,
Cassie F. Pope,
Adam A. Witney,
Irene M. Monahan,
Kenneth G. Laing,
Katherine L. Smollett,
Alan McNally,
Claire McMurray,
Joanne Stockton,
Joshua Quick,
Nicholas J. Loman,
Radoslaw Poplawski,
Sam Nicholls,
Will Rowe,
Anibolina Castigador,
Emily Macnaughton,
Kate El Bouzidi,
Malur Sudhanva,
Temi Lampejo,
Rocio T. Martinez Nunez,
Cassie Breen,
Graciela Sluga,
Karen T. Withell,
Nicholas W. Machin,
Ryan P. George,
Shazaad S. Y. Ahmad,
David T. Pritchard,
Debbie Binns,
Nick Wong,
Victoria James,
Cheryl Williams,
Chris J. Illingworth,
Chris Jackson,
Daniela de Angelis,
David Pascall,
Afrida Mukaddas,
Alice Broos,
Ana da Silva Filipe,
Daniel Mair,
David L. Robertson,
Derek W. Wright,
Emma C. Thomson,
Igor Starinskij,
Ioulia Tsatsani,
James G. Shepherd,
Jenna Nichols,
Joseph Hughes,
Kyriaki Nomikou,
Lily Tong,
Richard J. Orton,
Sreenu Vattipally,
William T. Harvey,
Roy Sanderson,
Sarah O’Brien,
Steven Rushton,
Jon Perkins,
Rachel Blacow,
Rory N. Gunson,
Abbie Gallagher,
Elizabeth Wastnedge,
Kate E. Templeton,
Martin P. McHugh,
Rebecca Dewar,
Seb Cotton,
Lindsay Coupland,
Rachael Stanley,
Samir Dervisevic,
Lewis G. Spurgin,
Louise Smith,
Clive Graham,
Debra Padgett,
Edward Barton,
Garren Scott,
Aidan Cross,
Mariyam Mirfenderesky,
Emma Swindells,
Jane Greenaway,
Rebecca Denton-Smith,
Robyn Turnbull,
Giles Idle,
Kevin Cole,
Amy Hollis,
Andrew Nelson,
Clare M. McCann,
John H. Henderson,
Matthew R. Crown,
Wen C. Yew,
William Stanley,
Nichola Duckworth,
Phillip Clarke,
Sarah Walsh,
Tim J. Sloan,
Kelly Bicknell,
Robert Impey,
Sarah Wyllie,
Scott Elliott,
Sharon Glaysher,
Declan T. Bradley,
Nicholas F. Killough,
Tim Wyatt,
Andrew Bosworth,
Barry B. Vipond,
Clare Pearson,
Elias Allara,
Esther Robinson,
Hannah M. Pymont,
Husam Osman,
Peter Muir,
Richard Hopes,
Stephanie Hutchings,
Martin D. Curran,
Surendra Parmar,
Alicia Thornton,
Angie Lackenby,
Chloe Bishop,
David Bibby,
David Lee,
Eileen Gallagher,
Gavin Dabrera,
Ian Harrison,
Jonathan Hubb,
Katherine A. Twohig,
Meera Chand,
Nicholas Ellaby,
Nikos Manesis,
Richard Myers,
Steven Platt,
Tamyo Mbisa,
Vicki Chalker,
Gonzalo Yebra,
Matthew T. G. Holden,
Sharif Shaaban,
Stefan Rooke,
Alec Birchley,
Alexander Adams,
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Lynne Ferguson,
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Jana Catalan,
Neil Jones,
John Haughney,
David L. Robertson ,
Massimo Palmarini,
Surajit Ray ,
Emma C. Thomson ,
(PITCH Consortium),
(The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium),
Ronan Lyons
Nature Microbiology, Volume: 7, Issue: 8, Pages: 1161 - 1179
Swansea University Author:
Ronan Lyons
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DOI (Published version): 10.1038/s41564-022-01143-7
Abstract
Vaccines based on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 are a cornerstone of the public health response to COVID-19. The emergence of hypermutated, increasingly transmissible variants of concern (VOCs) threaten this strategy. Omicron (B.1.1.529), the fifth VOC to be described, harbours multiple amino acid...
| Published in: | Nature Microbiology |
|---|---|
| ISSN: | 2058-5276 |
| Published: |
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
2022
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| Online Access: |
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| URI: | https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa66418 |
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| Abstract: |
Vaccines based on the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 are a cornerstone of the public health response to COVID-19. The emergence of hypermutated, increasingly transmissible variants of concern (VOCs) threaten this strategy. Omicron (B.1.1.529), the fifth VOC to be described, harbours multiple amino acid mutations in spike, half of which lie within the receptor-binding domain. Here we demonstrate substantial evasion of neutralization by Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 variants in vitro using sera from individuals vaccinated with ChAdOx1, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273. These data were mirrored by a substantial reduction in real-world vaccine effectiveness that was partially restored by booster vaccination. The Omicron variants BA.1 and BA.2 did not induce cell syncytia in vitro and favoured a TMPRSS2-independent endosomal entry pathway, these phenotypes mapping to distinct regions of the spike protein. Impaired cell fusion was determined by the receptor-binding domain, while endosomal entry mapped to the S2 domain. Such marked changes in antigenicity and replicative biology may underlie the rapid global spread and altered pathogenicity of the Omicron variant. |
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| Item Description: |
Publisher Correction: SARS-CoV-2 Omicron is an immune escape variant with an altered cell entry pathway available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-022-01241-6 |
| College: |
Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences |
| Funders: |
We thank the participants of the DOVE study and T. McSorley and her nursing team at the NHS GG&C clinical research facility; A. Hamilton, L. Stirling and C. Mayor from the NHS GG&C SafeHaven team for their invaluable input in facilitating this study; P. Olmo for administrative support, and C. Robertson and A. Sheikh for statistical advice; and all the researchers who have shared genome data openly via the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID). Funding was provided by Health Data Research UK (HDR UK) for the Evaluation of Variants Affecting Deployed COVID-19 Vaccine (EVADE) study (E.C.T., S.R., O.A.M., C.W. and B.J.W.; grant code: 2021.0155). This research is part of the Data and Connectivity National Core Study, led by Health Data Research UK in partnership with the Office for National Statistics and funded by UK Research and Innovation (grant ref MC_PC_20058). This work was also supported by The Alan Turing Institute via ‘Towards Turing 2.0’ EPSRC Grant Funding. COG-UK is supported by funding from the Medical Research Council (MRC, part of UK Research & Innovation (UKRI)), the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR; grant code: MC_PC_19027) and Genome Research Limited, operating as the Wellcome Sanger Institute (R.M.P., D.L.R. and E.C.T.). Medical Research Council (MRC) provided funding for both the COVID-19 DeplOyed VaccinE (DOVE) study (grant code: MCUU1201412) and COG-UK (E.C.T.). A.d.S.F., J.H., R.O., J.G., E.C.T., N.L. and D.L.R. were funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC; grant code: MC_UU_12014/12). W.T.H. was supported by the MRC (grant codes MR/R024758/1 and MR/W005611/1). The G2P-UK National Virology Consortium was funded by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) award MR/W005611/1 (M.P., E.C.T., A.H.P. and D.L.R.). D.L.R. was funded by Wellcome Trust (grant code: 220977/Z/20/Z). N.L. and B.J.W. were funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (grant codes: BBSRC, BB/R004250/1 and BB/R019843/1). J.G. was funded by a Wellcome Trust and Royal Society Sir Henry Dale Fellowship (grant code: 107653/Z/15/A). D.J.P. was funded by UKRI through the JUNIPER consortium (grant number MR/V038613/1). The PITCH Consortium is funded by the United Kingdom Department of Health and Social Care. |
| Issue: |
8 |
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1161 |
| End Page: |
1179 |