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The Development of High-Performance Packaging Steels / SEAN BENNETT

Swansea University Author: SEAN BENNETT

  • E-Thesis under embargo until: 11th April 2026

DOI (Published version): 10.23889/SUthesis.66609

Abstract

The aim of this work is to create a new packaging grade of high strength steel for can-end applications. This new grade must have a yield strength of 650-750MPa, with a total elongation value of at-least 5% in all directions after double reduction rolling. The higher yield strength is required for d...

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Published: Swansea University, Wales, UK 2024
Institution: Swansea University
Degree level: Doctoral
Degree name: EngD
Supervisor: Pleydell-Pearce, C.
URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa66609
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spelling v2 66609 2024-06-07 The Development of High-Performance Packaging Steels 77381b9f2256b7fdf49b29472f55dbd3 SEAN BENNETT SEAN BENNETT true false 2024-06-07 The aim of this work is to create a new packaging grade of high strength steel for can-end applications. This new grade must have a yield strength of 650-750MPa, with a total elongation value of at-least 5% in all directions after double reduction rolling. The higher yield strength is required for downgauging, as well as being capable of withstanding the pressures in the retort process, while the ductility is required to form the rivet on the end to attach the ring pull to.The methods used to achieve this involved varying typical packaging alloying elements (such as silicon, phosphorous, and nitrogen), and simulating annealing cycles using a Gleeble 3500 heating simulator where annealing parameters (such as heating rate, soak temperature, and cooling rate), were changed. The purpose of these methods was to promote strengthening via solid solution strengthening, and/or via ferrite grain refinement, and/or secondary phase strengthening.Mechanical properties were assessed using a tensile tester and hardness tester, and microstructures were analysed using optical microscopy and software to obtain statistical information regarding grain size.It was found that when subjected to the commercial annealing cycle a high nitrogen containing chemistry achieved the desired mechanical properties outlined in the project aims. This is likely due to the solid solution strengthening effect of the large amounts of solute nitrogen.Intercritical annealing at 850°C does not lead to generation of secondary phase in the steel chemistries assessed in this body of work, and sometimes decreased the strength in some chemistries.Removal of the slow cool section from simulated intercritical annealing cycles led to negligible changes in Vickers hardness value as well as no microstructural changes either.It was found that packaging steels do not undergo significant amounts of grain refinement when an ultra-rapid heating rate of 200°C/s was used, nor when a 1,000°C/s heating rate was used. E-Thesis Swansea University, Wales, UK Metallurgy, packaging steel, high strength packaging steel, steel, laboratory compositions, characterisation, optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), composition analysis, mechanical testing, tensile testing, hardness testing, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, elongation, ferrite, carbides, grains, 11 4 2024 2024-04-11 10.23889/SUthesis.66609 A selection of content is redacted or is partially redacted from this thesis to protect sensitive and personal information. COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University Pleydell-Pearce, C. Doctoral EngD Tata Steel, European Social Fund Tata Steel, European Social Fund 2024-06-07T14:53:14.7001040 2024-06-07T14:18:08.2764585 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering SEAN BENNETT 1 Under embargo Under embargo 2024-06-07T14:43:51.7473522 Output 8165363 application/pdf E-Thesis true 2026-04-11T00:00:00.0000000 Copyright: The Author, Sean Michael Bennett, 2024 Distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
title The Development of High-Performance Packaging Steels
spellingShingle The Development of High-Performance Packaging Steels
SEAN BENNETT
title_short The Development of High-Performance Packaging Steels
title_full The Development of High-Performance Packaging Steels
title_fullStr The Development of High-Performance Packaging Steels
title_full_unstemmed The Development of High-Performance Packaging Steels
title_sort The Development of High-Performance Packaging Steels
author_id_str_mv 77381b9f2256b7fdf49b29472f55dbd3
author_id_fullname_str_mv 77381b9f2256b7fdf49b29472f55dbd3_***_SEAN BENNETT
author SEAN BENNETT
author2 SEAN BENNETT
format E-Thesis
publishDate 2024
institution Swansea University
doi_str_mv 10.23889/SUthesis.66609
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering
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description The aim of this work is to create a new packaging grade of high strength steel for can-end applications. This new grade must have a yield strength of 650-750MPa, with a total elongation value of at-least 5% in all directions after double reduction rolling. The higher yield strength is required for downgauging, as well as being capable of withstanding the pressures in the retort process, while the ductility is required to form the rivet on the end to attach the ring pull to.The methods used to achieve this involved varying typical packaging alloying elements (such as silicon, phosphorous, and nitrogen), and simulating annealing cycles using a Gleeble 3500 heating simulator where annealing parameters (such as heating rate, soak temperature, and cooling rate), were changed. The purpose of these methods was to promote strengthening via solid solution strengthening, and/or via ferrite grain refinement, and/or secondary phase strengthening.Mechanical properties were assessed using a tensile tester and hardness tester, and microstructures were analysed using optical microscopy and software to obtain statistical information regarding grain size.It was found that when subjected to the commercial annealing cycle a high nitrogen containing chemistry achieved the desired mechanical properties outlined in the project aims. This is likely due to the solid solution strengthening effect of the large amounts of solute nitrogen.Intercritical annealing at 850°C does not lead to generation of secondary phase in the steel chemistries assessed in this body of work, and sometimes decreased the strength in some chemistries.Removal of the slow cool section from simulated intercritical annealing cycles led to negligible changes in Vickers hardness value as well as no microstructural changes either.It was found that packaging steels do not undergo significant amounts of grain refinement when an ultra-rapid heating rate of 200°C/s was used, nor when a 1,000°C/s heating rate was used.
published_date 2024-04-11T14:53:13Z
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score 11.012678

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