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Characterising and differentiating cognitive and motor speed in older adults: structural equation modelling on a UK longitudinal birth cohort

Indra Bundil Orcid Logo, Sabina Baltruschat, Jiaxiang Zhang Orcid Logo

BMJ Open, Volume: 14, Issue: 8, Start page: e083968

Swansea University Author: Jiaxiang Zhang Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-083968

Abstract

Objectives Information processing speed (IPS) has been proposed to be a key component in healthy ageing and cognitive functioning. Yet, current studies lack a consistent definition and specific influential characteristics. This study aimed to investigate IPS as a multifaceted concept by differentiat...

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Published in: BMJ Open
ISSN: 2044-6055 2044-6055
Published: BMJ 2024
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa67442
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This study aimed to investigate IPS as a multifaceted concept by differentiating cognitive and motor IPS.Design, setting and participants A retrospective data analysis using data from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (a population-based cohort of UK adults born in 1946) at childhood (ages 8, 11 and 15) and adulthood (ages 60–64 and 68–70). Using structural equation modelling, we constructed two models of IPS with 2124 and 1776 participants, respectively.Outcome measures Measures of interest included IPS (ie, letter cancellation, simple and choice reaction time), intelligence (ie, childhood intelligence and National Adult Reading Test), verbal memory, socioeconomic status (SES) and cognitive functions measured by the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III, as well as a variety of health indexes.Results We found distinct predictors for cognitive and motor IPS and how they relate to other cognitive functions in old age. In our first model, SES and antipsychotic medication usage emerged as significant predictors for cognitive IPS, intelligence and smoking as predictors for motor IPS while both share sex, memory and antiepileptic medication usage as common predictors. Notably, all differences between both IPS types ran in the same direction except for sex differences, with women performing better than men in cognitive IPS and vice versa in motor IPS. The second model showed that both IPS measures, as well as intelligence, memory, antipsychotic and sedative medication usage, explain cognitive functions later in life.Conclusion Taken together, these results shed further light on IPS as a whole by showing there are distinct types and that these measures directly relate to other cognitive functions.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>BMJ Open</journal><volume>14</volume><journalNumber>8</journalNumber><paginationStart>e083968</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>BMJ</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint>2044-6055</issnPrint><issnElectronic>2044-6055</issnElectronic><keywords/><publishedDay>19</publishedDay><publishedMonth>8</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2024</publishedYear><publishedDate>2024-08-19</publishedDate><doi>10.1136/bmjopen-2024-083968</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Mathematics and Computer Science School</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>MACS</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm>Another institution paid the OA fee</apcterm><funders>This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. (716321—FREEMIND)). 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spelling v2 67442 2024-08-20 Characterising and differentiating cognitive and motor speed in older adults: structural equation modelling on a UK longitudinal birth cohort 555e06e0ed9a87608f2d035b3bde3a87 0000-0002-4758-0394 Jiaxiang Zhang Jiaxiang Zhang true false 2024-08-20 MACS Objectives Information processing speed (IPS) has been proposed to be a key component in healthy ageing and cognitive functioning. Yet, current studies lack a consistent definition and specific influential characteristics. This study aimed to investigate IPS as a multifaceted concept by differentiating cognitive and motor IPS.Design, setting and participants A retrospective data analysis using data from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (a population-based cohort of UK adults born in 1946) at childhood (ages 8, 11 and 15) and adulthood (ages 60–64 and 68–70). Using structural equation modelling, we constructed two models of IPS with 2124 and 1776 participants, respectively.Outcome measures Measures of interest included IPS (ie, letter cancellation, simple and choice reaction time), intelligence (ie, childhood intelligence and National Adult Reading Test), verbal memory, socioeconomic status (SES) and cognitive functions measured by the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III, as well as a variety of health indexes.Results We found distinct predictors for cognitive and motor IPS and how they relate to other cognitive functions in old age. In our first model, SES and antipsychotic medication usage emerged as significant predictors for cognitive IPS, intelligence and smoking as predictors for motor IPS while both share sex, memory and antiepileptic medication usage as common predictors. Notably, all differences between both IPS types ran in the same direction except for sex differences, with women performing better than men in cognitive IPS and vice versa in motor IPS. The second model showed that both IPS measures, as well as intelligence, memory, antipsychotic and sedative medication usage, explain cognitive functions later in life.Conclusion Taken together, these results shed further light on IPS as a whole by showing there are distinct types and that these measures directly relate to other cognitive functions. Journal Article BMJ Open 14 8 e083968 BMJ 2044-6055 2044-6055 19 8 2024 2024-08-19 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-083968 COLLEGE NANME Mathematics and Computer Science School COLLEGE CODE MACS Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. (716321—FREEMIND)). IB is supported by a PhD studentship from Cardiff University School of Psychology. 2024-09-20T11:04:16.3153524 2024-08-20T09:09:56.4737343 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Mathematics and Computer Science - Computer Science Indra Bundil 0009-0007-5060-2340 1 Sabina Baltruschat 2 Jiaxiang Zhang 0000-0002-4758-0394 3 67442__31407__0057b18cdcb54ca4b5e8a1ce62e73e49.pdf 67442.VoR.pdf 2024-09-20T11:01:40.9081858 Output 3714906 application/pdf Version of Record true This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license. true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Characterising and differentiating cognitive and motor speed in older adults: structural equation modelling on a UK longitudinal birth cohort
spellingShingle Characterising and differentiating cognitive and motor speed in older adults: structural equation modelling on a UK longitudinal birth cohort
Jiaxiang Zhang
title_short Characterising and differentiating cognitive and motor speed in older adults: structural equation modelling on a UK longitudinal birth cohort
title_full Characterising and differentiating cognitive and motor speed in older adults: structural equation modelling on a UK longitudinal birth cohort
title_fullStr Characterising and differentiating cognitive and motor speed in older adults: structural equation modelling on a UK longitudinal birth cohort
title_full_unstemmed Characterising and differentiating cognitive and motor speed in older adults: structural equation modelling on a UK longitudinal birth cohort
title_sort Characterising and differentiating cognitive and motor speed in older adults: structural equation modelling on a UK longitudinal birth cohort
author_id_str_mv 555e06e0ed9a87608f2d035b3bde3a87
author_id_fullname_str_mv 555e06e0ed9a87608f2d035b3bde3a87_***_Jiaxiang Zhang
author Jiaxiang Zhang
author2 Indra Bundil
Sabina Baltruschat
Jiaxiang Zhang
format Journal article
container_title BMJ Open
container_volume 14
container_issue 8
container_start_page e083968
publishDate 2024
institution Swansea University
issn 2044-6055
2044-6055
doi_str_mv 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-083968
publisher BMJ
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Mathematics and Computer Science - Computer Science{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Mathematics and Computer Science - Computer Science
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description Objectives Information processing speed (IPS) has been proposed to be a key component in healthy ageing and cognitive functioning. Yet, current studies lack a consistent definition and specific influential characteristics. This study aimed to investigate IPS as a multifaceted concept by differentiating cognitive and motor IPS.Design, setting and participants A retrospective data analysis using data from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development (a population-based cohort of UK adults born in 1946) at childhood (ages 8, 11 and 15) and adulthood (ages 60–64 and 68–70). Using structural equation modelling, we constructed two models of IPS with 2124 and 1776 participants, respectively.Outcome measures Measures of interest included IPS (ie, letter cancellation, simple and choice reaction time), intelligence (ie, childhood intelligence and National Adult Reading Test), verbal memory, socioeconomic status (SES) and cognitive functions measured by the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III, as well as a variety of health indexes.Results We found distinct predictors for cognitive and motor IPS and how they relate to other cognitive functions in old age. In our first model, SES and antipsychotic medication usage emerged as significant predictors for cognitive IPS, intelligence and smoking as predictors for motor IPS while both share sex, memory and antiepileptic medication usage as common predictors. Notably, all differences between both IPS types ran in the same direction except for sex differences, with women performing better than men in cognitive IPS and vice versa in motor IPS. The second model showed that both IPS measures, as well as intelligence, memory, antipsychotic and sedative medication usage, explain cognitive functions later in life.Conclusion Taken together, these results shed further light on IPS as a whole by showing there are distinct types and that these measures directly relate to other cognitive functions.
published_date 2024-08-19T11:04:15Z
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