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High‐Resolution Ice‐Core Analyses Identify the Eldgjá Eruption and a Cluster of Icelandic and Trans‐Continental Tephras Between 936 and 943 CE

William Hutchison Orcid Logo, Imogen Gabriel, Gill Plunkett Orcid Logo, Andrea Burke Orcid Logo, Patrick Sugden, Helen Innes, Siwan Davies Orcid Logo, William M. Moreland Orcid Logo, Kirstin Krüger, Rob Wilson, Bo M. Vinther, Dorthe Dahl‐Jensen, Johannes Freitag, Clive Oppenheimer Orcid Logo, Nathan J. Chellman Orcid Logo, Michael Sigl, Joseph R. McConnell Orcid Logo

Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Volume: 129, Issue: 16

Swansea University Author: Siwan Davies Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1029/2023jd040142

Abstract

The Eldgjá eruption is the largest basalt lava flood of the Common Era. It has been linked to a major ice-core sulfur (S) spike in 939–940 CE and Northern Hemisphere summer cooling in 940 CE. Despite its magnitude and potential climate impacts, uncertainties remain concerning the eruption timeline,...

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Published in: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
ISSN: 2169-897X 2169-8996
Published: American Geophysical Union (AGU) 2024
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa67468
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Despite its magnitude and potential climate impacts, uncertainties remain concerning the eruption timeline, atmospheric dispersal of emitted volatiles, and coincident volcanism in Iceland and elsewhere. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of Greenland ice-cores from 936 to 943 CE, revealing a complex volatile record and cryptotephra with numerous geochemical populations. Transitional alkali basalt tephra matching Eldgjá are found in 939–940 CE, while tholeiitic basalt shards present in 936/937 CE and 940/941 CE are compatible with contemporaneous Icelandic eruptions from Grímsvötn and Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn systems (including V-Sv tephra). We also find four silicic tephra populations, one of which we link to the Jala Pumice of Ceboruco (Mexico) at 941 ± 1 CE. Triple S isotopes, Δ33S, spanning 936–940 CE are indicative of upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric transport of aerosol sourced from the Icelandic fissure eruptions. However, anomalous Δ33S (down to −0.4‰) in 940–941 CE evidence stratospheric aerosol transport consistent with summer surface cooling revealed by tree-ring reconstructions. Tephra associated with the anomalous Δ33S have a variety of compositions, complicating the attribution of climate cooling to Eldgjá alone. 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spelling v2 67468 2024-08-27 High‐Resolution Ice‐Core Analyses Identify the Eldgjá Eruption and a Cluster of Icelandic and Trans‐Continental Tephras Between 936 and 943 CE b628382c97124173dd283bf7b83f1eec 0000-0003-0999-7233 Siwan Davies Siwan Davies true false 2024-08-27 BGPS The Eldgjá eruption is the largest basalt lava flood of the Common Era. It has been linked to a major ice-core sulfur (S) spike in 939–940 CE and Northern Hemisphere summer cooling in 940 CE. Despite its magnitude and potential climate impacts, uncertainties remain concerning the eruption timeline, atmospheric dispersal of emitted volatiles, and coincident volcanism in Iceland and elsewhere. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of Greenland ice-cores from 936 to 943 CE, revealing a complex volatile record and cryptotephra with numerous geochemical populations. Transitional alkali basalt tephra matching Eldgjá are found in 939–940 CE, while tholeiitic basalt shards present in 936/937 CE and 940/941 CE are compatible with contemporaneous Icelandic eruptions from Grímsvötn and Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn systems (including V-Sv tephra). We also find four silicic tephra populations, one of which we link to the Jala Pumice of Ceboruco (Mexico) at 941 ± 1 CE. Triple S isotopes, Δ33S, spanning 936–940 CE are indicative of upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric transport of aerosol sourced from the Icelandic fissure eruptions. However, anomalous Δ33S (down to −0.4‰) in 940–941 CE evidence stratospheric aerosol transport consistent with summer surface cooling revealed by tree-ring reconstructions. Tephra associated with the anomalous Δ33S have a variety of compositions, complicating the attribution of climate cooling to Eldgjá alone. Nevertheless, our study confirms a major S emission from Eldgjá in 939–940 CE and implicates Eldgjá and a cluster of eruptions as triggers of summer cooling, severe winters, and privations in ∼940 CE. Journal Article Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 129 16 American Geophysical Union (AGU) 2169-897X 2169-8996 ice-core; volcano; tephra; climate; Iceland 28 8 2024 2024-08-28 10.1029/2023jd040142 COLLEGE NANME Biosciences Geography and Physics School COLLEGE CODE BGPS Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee UK Research and Innovation. Grant Number: MR/S033505/1 European Research Council. Grant Number: 820047 Leverhulme Trust. Grant Number: PLP-2021-167 Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. Grant Numbers: EP/T019298/1, EP/R023751/1 Research Council of Norway. Grant Number: 275191 Natural Environment Research Council. Grant Number: NE/S000887/1 National Science Foundation. Grant Numbers: 1925417, 0909541, 1204176, 1023672 Swiss Polar Institute BNP Paribas Swiss Foundation Oxford University Press GISP2 Community 2024-09-19T15:16:26.6325924 2024-08-27T15:58:24.0748323 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography William Hutchison 0000-0002-5456-3277 1 Imogen Gabriel 2 Gill Plunkett 0000-0003-1014-3454 3 Andrea Burke 0000-0002-3754-1498 4 Patrick Sugden 5 Helen Innes 6 Siwan Davies 0000-0003-0999-7233 7 William M. Moreland 0000-0002-5801-1496 8 Kirstin Krüger 9 Rob Wilson 10 Bo M. Vinther 11 Dorthe Dahl‐Jensen 12 Johannes Freitag 13 Clive Oppenheimer 0000-0003-4506-7260 14 Nathan J. Chellman 0000-0002-1117-1046 15 Michael Sigl 16 Joseph R. McConnell 0000-0001-9051-5240 17 67468__31396__ba0cbe4047ea4d5392b11608fa684f38.pdf 67468.VoR.pdf 2024-09-19T15:15:13.0308366 Output 1386343 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2024. The Author(s). This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title High‐Resolution Ice‐Core Analyses Identify the Eldgjá Eruption and a Cluster of Icelandic and Trans‐Continental Tephras Between 936 and 943 CE
spellingShingle High‐Resolution Ice‐Core Analyses Identify the Eldgjá Eruption and a Cluster of Icelandic and Trans‐Continental Tephras Between 936 and 943 CE
Siwan Davies
title_short High‐Resolution Ice‐Core Analyses Identify the Eldgjá Eruption and a Cluster of Icelandic and Trans‐Continental Tephras Between 936 and 943 CE
title_full High‐Resolution Ice‐Core Analyses Identify the Eldgjá Eruption and a Cluster of Icelandic and Trans‐Continental Tephras Between 936 and 943 CE
title_fullStr High‐Resolution Ice‐Core Analyses Identify the Eldgjá Eruption and a Cluster of Icelandic and Trans‐Continental Tephras Between 936 and 943 CE
title_full_unstemmed High‐Resolution Ice‐Core Analyses Identify the Eldgjá Eruption and a Cluster of Icelandic and Trans‐Continental Tephras Between 936 and 943 CE
title_sort High‐Resolution Ice‐Core Analyses Identify the Eldgjá Eruption and a Cluster of Icelandic and Trans‐Continental Tephras Between 936 and 943 CE
author_id_str_mv b628382c97124173dd283bf7b83f1eec
author_id_fullname_str_mv b628382c97124173dd283bf7b83f1eec_***_Siwan Davies
author Siwan Davies
author2 William Hutchison
Imogen Gabriel
Gill Plunkett
Andrea Burke
Patrick Sugden
Helen Innes
Siwan Davies
William M. Moreland
Kirstin Krüger
Rob Wilson
Bo M. Vinther
Dorthe Dahl‐Jensen
Johannes Freitag
Clive Oppenheimer
Nathan J. Chellman
Michael Sigl
Joseph R. McConnell
format Journal article
container_title Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
container_volume 129
container_issue 16
publishDate 2024
institution Swansea University
issn 2169-897X
2169-8996
doi_str_mv 10.1029/2023jd040142
publisher American Geophysical Union (AGU)
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Geography
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description The Eldgjá eruption is the largest basalt lava flood of the Common Era. It has been linked to a major ice-core sulfur (S) spike in 939–940 CE and Northern Hemisphere summer cooling in 940 CE. Despite its magnitude and potential climate impacts, uncertainties remain concerning the eruption timeline, atmospheric dispersal of emitted volatiles, and coincident volcanism in Iceland and elsewhere. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of Greenland ice-cores from 936 to 943 CE, revealing a complex volatile record and cryptotephra with numerous geochemical populations. Transitional alkali basalt tephra matching Eldgjá are found in 939–940 CE, while tholeiitic basalt shards present in 936/937 CE and 940/941 CE are compatible with contemporaneous Icelandic eruptions from Grímsvötn and Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn systems (including V-Sv tephra). We also find four silicic tephra populations, one of which we link to the Jala Pumice of Ceboruco (Mexico) at 941 ± 1 CE. Triple S isotopes, Δ33S, spanning 936–940 CE are indicative of upper tropospheric/lower stratospheric transport of aerosol sourced from the Icelandic fissure eruptions. However, anomalous Δ33S (down to −0.4‰) in 940–941 CE evidence stratospheric aerosol transport consistent with summer surface cooling revealed by tree-ring reconstructions. Tephra associated with the anomalous Δ33S have a variety of compositions, complicating the attribution of climate cooling to Eldgjá alone. Nevertheless, our study confirms a major S emission from Eldgjá in 939–940 CE and implicates Eldgjá and a cluster of eruptions as triggers of summer cooling, severe winters, and privations in ∼940 CE.
published_date 2024-08-28T15:16:26Z
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score 11.03559

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