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Milk metabolite composition of a semi-captive population of Asian elephants

Laura Galante Orcid Logo, Diogo João Franco dos Santos, Elisabeth Mikkonen Orcid Logo, Jeannie Horak, Zorica Stijepic, Hans Demmelmair, Andrea Vielhauer, Berthold Koletzko, Htet Thi Zaw, Win Htut, Virpi Lummaa, Mirkka Lahdenperä Orcid Logo

Royal Society Open Science, Volume: 11, Issue: 10

Swansea University Author: Laura Galante Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1098/rsos.240930

Abstract

Lack of maternal milk commonly leads to Asian elephant calves’ death in captivity. Currently, available supplements seem inefficient. Hence, we aimed at characterizing the composition of Asian elephant milk to provide information on calves’ nutritional needs. Seventy milk samples from 22 Asian eleph...

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Published in: Royal Society Open Science
ISSN: 2054-5703
Published: The Royal Society 2024
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa67910
first_indexed 2024-10-04T09:57:13Z
last_indexed 2024-12-03T19:47:15Z
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spelling 2024-12-03T14:38:26.7928283 v2 67910 2024-10-04 Milk metabolite composition of a semi-captive population of Asian elephants d1c6c22f6a863ef2050ed9768566884b 0000-0002-6190-7955 Laura Galante Laura Galante true false 2024-10-04 MEDS Lack of maternal milk commonly leads to Asian elephant calves’ death in captivity. Currently, available supplements seem inefficient. Hence, we aimed at characterizing the composition of Asian elephant milk to provide information on calves’ nutritional needs. Seventy milk samples from 22 Asian elephants living in semi-captivity in their natural environment in Myanmar were collected. Samples were analysed through various techniques including liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, and bicinchoninic acid assay to determine total protein content and various metabolites. Associations with lactation stage (months postpartum) were investigated through repeated measure mixed models. We identified 160 compounds: 22 amino acids, 12 organic acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, 27 fatty acids, 15 acyl-carnitines and 84 phospholipids. The milk contained substantial amounts of free glutamate (median: 1727.9, interquartile range (IQR): 1278.4 µmol l−1) and free glycine (2541.7, IQR: 1704.1 µmol l−1). The fatty acid profile was mostly constituted by saturated fatty acids, particularly capric acid (40.1, IQR: 67.3 g l−1). Milk samples also contained high amounts of carnitines, phospholipids and organic acids. The wide array of metabolites identified and quantified, some of which present high concentrations in the milk from this species as opposed to other species, suggests underpinning physiological functions that might be crucial for the survival of Asian elephant calves. Journal Article Royal Society Open Science 11 10 The Royal Society 2054-5703 Elephas maximus; milk composition; milk metabolome; lactation physiology; animal nutrition 30 10 2024 2024-10-30 10.1098/rsos.240930 COLLEGE NANME Medical School COLLEGE CODE MEDS Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) This study was financially supported by The European Research Council (Elephant Project, ERC-2014-CoG number 648766, KinSocieties, ERC-2022-ADG, number 101098266—V.L.), Oskar Öflunds Stiftelse—L.G., Aaltonen Foundation (230125 N31)—E.M., and the Strategic Research Council within the Research Council of Finland (grant numbers 345185 and 345183—NetResilience consortium)—M.L. and V.L. 2024-12-03T14:38:26.7928283 2024-10-04T10:54:53.1986964 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences School of Health and Social Care - Public Health Laura Galante 0000-0002-6190-7955 1 Diogo João Franco dos Santos 2 Elisabeth Mikkonen 0009-0002-9133-6855 3 Jeannie Horak 4 Zorica Stijepic 5 Hans Demmelmair 6 Andrea Vielhauer 7 Berthold Koletzko 8 Htet Thi Zaw 9 Win Htut 10 Virpi Lummaa 11 Mirkka Lahdenperä 0000-0003-0062-6284 12
title Milk metabolite composition of a semi-captive population of Asian elephants
spellingShingle Milk metabolite composition of a semi-captive population of Asian elephants
Laura Galante
title_short Milk metabolite composition of a semi-captive population of Asian elephants
title_full Milk metabolite composition of a semi-captive population of Asian elephants
title_fullStr Milk metabolite composition of a semi-captive population of Asian elephants
title_full_unstemmed Milk metabolite composition of a semi-captive population of Asian elephants
title_sort Milk metabolite composition of a semi-captive population of Asian elephants
author_id_str_mv d1c6c22f6a863ef2050ed9768566884b
author_id_fullname_str_mv d1c6c22f6a863ef2050ed9768566884b_***_Laura Galante
author Laura Galante
author2 Laura Galante
Diogo João Franco dos Santos
Elisabeth Mikkonen
Jeannie Horak
Zorica Stijepic
Hans Demmelmair
Andrea Vielhauer
Berthold Koletzko
Htet Thi Zaw
Win Htut
Virpi Lummaa
Mirkka Lahdenperä
format Journal article
container_title Royal Society Open Science
container_volume 11
container_issue 10
publishDate 2024
institution Swansea University
issn 2054-5703
doi_str_mv 10.1098/rsos.240930
publisher The Royal Society
college_str Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str School of Health and Social Care - Public Health{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Health and Social Care - Public Health
document_store_str 0
active_str 0
description Lack of maternal milk commonly leads to Asian elephant calves’ death in captivity. Currently, available supplements seem inefficient. Hence, we aimed at characterizing the composition of Asian elephant milk to provide information on calves’ nutritional needs. Seventy milk samples from 22 Asian elephants living in semi-captivity in their natural environment in Myanmar were collected. Samples were analysed through various techniques including liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, and bicinchoninic acid assay to determine total protein content and various metabolites. Associations with lactation stage (months postpartum) were investigated through repeated measure mixed models. We identified 160 compounds: 22 amino acids, 12 organic acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, 27 fatty acids, 15 acyl-carnitines and 84 phospholipids. The milk contained substantial amounts of free glutamate (median: 1727.9, interquartile range (IQR): 1278.4 µmol l−1) and free glycine (2541.7, IQR: 1704.1 µmol l−1). The fatty acid profile was mostly constituted by saturated fatty acids, particularly capric acid (40.1, IQR: 67.3 g l−1). Milk samples also contained high amounts of carnitines, phospholipids and organic acids. The wide array of metabolites identified and quantified, some of which present high concentrations in the milk from this species as opposed to other species, suggests underpinning physiological functions that might be crucial for the survival of Asian elephant calves.
published_date 2024-10-30T05:47:26Z
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score 11.363283

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