Exploring the chemistry and composition of black soldier fly eumelanin, a material for a circular economy

Mostert, Bernard; Mattiello, S.; Li, S.; Perna, G.; Lasalvia, M.; Ambrico, P. F.; Paulin, J. V.; M., J. V.; O., C. F.; Phua, J. W.; Matta, M.; Surman, A. J.; Gunnella, R.; Ambrico, M.

doi:10.1039/d4ma00825a

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Exploring the chemistry and composition of black soldier fly eumelanin, a material for a circular economy

Bernard Mostert

, S. Mattiello

, S. Li

, G. Perna

, M. Lasalvia

, P. F. Ambrico

, J. V. Paulin

, J. V. M. Lima

, C. F. O. Graeff

, J. W. Phua

, M. Matta

, A. J. Surman

, R. Gunnella

, M. Ambrico

Materials Advances

Swansea University Author: Bernard Mostert

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DOI (Published version): 10.1039/d4ma00825a

Abstract

Eumelanin is a black-brown biopigment that provides photoprotection and pigmentation in mammals, insects, and invertebrates. It can be obtained by oxidative polymerisation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and its 2-carboxylic acid (DHICA). Due to its unique physical and chemical properties and its bioco...

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Published in:	Materials Advances
ISSN:	2633-5409
Published:	Royal Society of Chemistry 2024
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URI:	https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa68077
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Due to its unique physical and chemical properties and its biocompatibility, eumelanin is a promising biomaterial for applications in energy storage, biomedicine, and sensing. However, poor solubility in water and lack of sustainable and low-cost sources of eumelanin have so far limited the full exploitation of this biomaterial. Insect farming is rapidly emerging as an alternative source of eumelanin. Unlike other types of eumelanin, BSF eumelanin, which is extracted from the exoskeleton of the black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens), is water-dispersible; however, its fundamental chemical properties are not completely understood. Here, we report the characterisation of BSF eumelanin using various spectroscopy techniques. Contrary to what is known about other insect eumelanins, which are believed to contain exclusively DHI, our results indicate that BSF eumelanin may contain both DHI and DHICA moieties. 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M. thanks European Union – NextGenerationEU under the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) National Innovation Ecosystem grant ECS00000041 – VITALITY – Spoke 9. M. M. gratefully acknowledges financial support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 843554. A. J. S. is grateful to The Royal Society for research funding (Research Grant RGS\R2\222385). S. L. has been supported by a studentship from the King's China Scholarship Council. S. L., A. J. S., and M. M. are grateful to King's College, Chemistry, for research facilities. A. B. M. acknowledges this work was supported by the UKRI Research Partnerships Investment Fund through the Centre for Integrative Semiconductor Materials. J. V. P., J. V. M. L. & C. F. O. G. acknowledges that this work was financially supported by São Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP (grant 2013/07296-2 and 2021/03379-7). J. V. 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spelling	v2 68077 2024-10-28 Exploring the chemistry and composition of black soldier fly eumelanin, a material for a circular economy a353503c976a7338c7708a32e82f451f 0000-0002-9590-2124 Bernard Mostert Bernard Mostert true false 2024-10-28 BGPS Eumelanin is a black-brown biopigment that provides photoprotection and pigmentation in mammals, insects, and invertebrates. It can be obtained by oxidative polymerisation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and its 2-carboxylic acid (DHICA). Due to its unique physical and chemical properties and its biocompatibility, eumelanin is a promising biomaterial for applications in energy storage, biomedicine, and sensing. However, poor solubility in water and lack of sustainable and low-cost sources of eumelanin have so far limited the full exploitation of this biomaterial. Insect farming is rapidly emerging as an alternative source of eumelanin. Unlike other types of eumelanin, BSF eumelanin, which is extracted from the exoskeleton of the black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens), is water-dispersible; however, its fundamental chemical properties are not completely understood. Here, we report the characterisation of BSF eumelanin using various spectroscopy techniques. Contrary to what is known about other insect eumelanins, which are believed to contain exclusively DHI, our results indicate that BSF eumelanin may contain both DHI and DHICA moieties. We discuss the potential reasons for this discrepancy. Journal Article Materials Advances Royal Society of Chemistry 2633-5409 28 10 2024 2024-10-28 10.1039/d4ma00825a COLLEGE NANME Biosciences Geography and Physics School COLLEGE CODE BGPS Swansea University Other M. A. acknowledges the CNR-Short Term Mobility program 2021 Prot.0052594/230721. M. A. and P. F. A. acknowledges the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) PONa3_00369 SISTEMA. R. G. and S. M. thanks European Union – NextGenerationEU under the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MUR) National Innovation Ecosystem grant ECS00000041 – VITALITY – Spoke 9. M. M. gratefully acknowledges financial support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 843554. A. J. S. is grateful to The Royal Society for research funding (Research Grant RGS\R2\222385). S. L. has been supported by a studentship from the King's China Scholarship Council. S. L., A. J. S., and M. M. are grateful to King's College, Chemistry, for research facilities. A. B. M. acknowledges this work was supported by the UKRI Research Partnerships Investment Fund through the Centre for Integrative Semiconductor Materials. J. V. P., J. V. M. L. & C. F. O. G. acknowledges that this work was financially supported by São Paulo Research Foundation, FAPESP (grant 2013/07296-2 and 2021/03379-7). J. V. P. acknowledges the support of the São Paulo State University research office (PROPe) postdoctoral fellowship (grant 05/2024). We acknowledge Ms Wei Ling Tan from the Elemental Analysis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore for the elemental analysis. 2024-10-28T12:26:47.9360184 2024-10-28T11:26:55.5469975 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Physics Bernard Mostert 0000-0002-9590-2124 1 S. Mattiello 0009-0000-9601-4703 2 S. Li 0009-0006-3841-7364 3 G. Perna 0000-0001-8315-0634 4 M. Lasalvia 0000-0002-8221-7849 5 P. F. Ambrico 0000-0002-2455-6949 6 J. V. Paulin 0000-0002-2379-6203 7 J. V. M. Lima 0000-0001-9862-8151 8 C. F. O. Graeff 0000-0003-0162-8273 9 J. W. Phua 0009-0002-1763-0861 10 M. Matta 0000-0002-9852-3154 11 A. J. Surman 0000-0002-2042-7373 12 R. Gunnella 0000-0003-4739-6375 13 M. Ambrico 0000-0002-0568-6860 14 68077__32741__f40a7cdd33bf49809cfc4e2c09c31f8b.pdf 68077.VOR.pdf 2024-10-28T12:19:12.3306533 Output 3108020 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2024 The Author(s). This Open Access Article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence (CC BY 3.0). true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
title	Exploring the chemistry and composition of black soldier fly eumelanin, a material for a circular economy
spellingShingle	Exploring the chemistry and composition of black soldier fly eumelanin, a material for a circular economy Bernard Mostert
title_short	Exploring the chemistry and composition of black soldier fly eumelanin, a material for a circular economy
title_full	Exploring the chemistry and composition of black soldier fly eumelanin, a material for a circular economy
title_fullStr	Exploring the chemistry and composition of black soldier fly eumelanin, a material for a circular economy
title_full_unstemmed	Exploring the chemistry and composition of black soldier fly eumelanin, a material for a circular economy
title_sort	Exploring the chemistry and composition of black soldier fly eumelanin, a material for a circular economy
author_id_str_mv	a353503c976a7338c7708a32e82f451f
author_id_fullname_str_mv	a353503c976a7338c7708a32e82f451f_***_Bernard Mostert
author	Bernard Mostert
author2	Bernard Mostert S. Mattiello S. Li G. Perna M. Lasalvia P. F. Ambrico J. V. Paulin J. V. M. Lima C. F. O. Graeff J. W. Phua M. Matta A. J. Surman R. Gunnella M. Ambrico
format	Journal article
container_title	Materials Advances
publishDate	2024
institution	Swansea University
issn	2633-5409
doi_str_mv	10.1039/d4ma00825a
publisher	Royal Society of Chemistry
college_str	Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_title	Faculty of Science and Engineering
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department_str	School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Physics{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Physics
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description	Eumelanin is a black-brown biopigment that provides photoprotection and pigmentation in mammals, insects, and invertebrates. It can be obtained by oxidative polymerisation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and its 2-carboxylic acid (DHICA). Due to its unique physical and chemical properties and its biocompatibility, eumelanin is a promising biomaterial for applications in energy storage, biomedicine, and sensing. However, poor solubility in water and lack of sustainable and low-cost sources of eumelanin have so far limited the full exploitation of this biomaterial. Insect farming is rapidly emerging as an alternative source of eumelanin. Unlike other types of eumelanin, BSF eumelanin, which is extracted from the exoskeleton of the black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens), is water-dispersible; however, its fundamental chemical properties are not completely understood. Here, we report the characterisation of BSF eumelanin using various spectroscopy techniques. Contrary to what is known about other insect eumelanins, which are believed to contain exclusively DHI, our results indicate that BSF eumelanin may contain both DHI and DHICA moieties. We discuss the potential reasons for this discrepancy.
published_date	2024-10-28T12:27:41Z
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Exploring the chemistry and composition of black soldier fly eumelanin, a material for a circular economy

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