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Optimization of swim depth across diverse taxa during horizontal travel

Kimberley Stokes, Nicole Esteban Orcid Logo, Paolo Casale, André Chiaradia Orcid Logo, Yakup Kaska, Akiko Kato Orcid Logo, Paolo Luschi Orcid Logo, Yan Ropert-Coudert, Holly Stokes Orcid Logo, Graeme C. Hays Orcid Logo

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Volume: 121, Issue: 52

Swansea University Authors: Kimberley Stokes, Nicole Esteban Orcid Logo, Holly Stokes Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1073/pnas.2413768121

Abstract

Semi-aquatic taxa, including humans, often swim at the air-water interface where they waste energy generating surface waves. For fully marine animals however, theory predicts the most cost-efficient depth-use pattern for migrating, air-breathing species that do not feed in transit is to travel at ar...

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Published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
ISSN: 0027-8424 1091-6490
Published: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2024
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa68090
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spelling 2025-01-16T16:06:25.0334269 v2 68090 2024-10-29 Optimization of swim depth across diverse taxa during horizontal travel 9ae3c7349402163dc0fbfe2e6dcd4dae Kimberley Stokes Kimberley Stokes true false fb2e760b83b4580e7445092982f1f319 0000-0003-4693-7221 Nicole Esteban Nicole Esteban true false 6ee6932996059ed9e4d581641acce2f7 0000-0001-9401-913X Holly Stokes Holly Stokes true false 2024-10-29 BGPS Semi-aquatic taxa, including humans, often swim at the air-water interface where they waste energy generating surface waves. For fully marine animals however, theory predicts the most cost-efficient depth-use pattern for migrating, air-breathing species that do not feed in transit is to travel at around 2–3 times the depth of their body diameter, to minimise vertical distance travelled whilst avoiding wave drag close to the surface. This has rarely been examined, however, due to depth measurement resolution issues at the surface. Here we present evidence for the use of this strategy in the wild to the nearest cm, and document the switch to shallow swimming during naturally occurring long-distance migrations. Using high-resolution depth-accelerometry and video data for little penguins (Eudyptula minor) and loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), satellite-relayed data for green turtles (Chelonia mydas), and literature data for further sea turtle, penguin and whale species, we show that near-surface swimming is likely used broadly across non-foraging diving animals to minimise the cost of transport. Journal Article Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121 52 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 0027-8424 1091-6490 behavioural allometry; dive behaviour; locomotion; movement ecology; optimal migration 16 12 2024 2024-12-16 10.1073/pnas.2413768121 COLLEGE NANME Biosciences Geography and Physics School COLLEGE CODE BGPS Swansea University External research funder(s) paid the OA fee (includes OA grants disbursed by the Library) Bertarelli Foundation 2025-01-16T16:06:25.0334269 2024-10-29T10:56:07.9465879 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences Kimberley Stokes 1 Nicole Esteban 0000-0003-4693-7221 2 Paolo Casale 3 André Chiaradia 0000-0002-6178-4211 4 Yakup Kaska 5 Akiko Kato 0000-0002-8947-3634 6 Paolo Luschi 0000-0001-7081-3507 7 Yan Ropert-Coudert 8 Holly Stokes 0000-0001-9401-913X 9 Graeme C. Hays 0000-0002-3314-8189 10 68090__33362__bca7bee3633c45a3b2f5cf509ad0c9a7.pdf 68090.VoR.pdf 2025-01-16T16:04:02.9658803 Output 1461035 application/pdf Version of Record true Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). This article is distributed under Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND). true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
title Optimization of swim depth across diverse taxa during horizontal travel
spellingShingle Optimization of swim depth across diverse taxa during horizontal travel
Kimberley Stokes
Nicole Esteban
Holly Stokes
title_short Optimization of swim depth across diverse taxa during horizontal travel
title_full Optimization of swim depth across diverse taxa during horizontal travel
title_fullStr Optimization of swim depth across diverse taxa during horizontal travel
title_full_unstemmed Optimization of swim depth across diverse taxa during horizontal travel
title_sort Optimization of swim depth across diverse taxa during horizontal travel
author_id_str_mv 9ae3c7349402163dc0fbfe2e6dcd4dae
fb2e760b83b4580e7445092982f1f319
6ee6932996059ed9e4d581641acce2f7
author_id_fullname_str_mv 9ae3c7349402163dc0fbfe2e6dcd4dae_***_Kimberley Stokes
fb2e760b83b4580e7445092982f1f319_***_Nicole Esteban
6ee6932996059ed9e4d581641acce2f7_***_Holly Stokes
author Kimberley Stokes
Nicole Esteban
Holly Stokes
author2 Kimberley Stokes
Nicole Esteban
Paolo Casale
André Chiaradia
Yakup Kaska
Akiko Kato
Paolo Luschi
Yan Ropert-Coudert
Holly Stokes
Graeme C. Hays
format Journal article
container_title Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
container_volume 121
container_issue 52
publishDate 2024
institution Swansea University
issn 0027-8424
1091-6490
doi_str_mv 10.1073/pnas.2413768121
publisher Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences
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description Semi-aquatic taxa, including humans, often swim at the air-water interface where they waste energy generating surface waves. For fully marine animals however, theory predicts the most cost-efficient depth-use pattern for migrating, air-breathing species that do not feed in transit is to travel at around 2–3 times the depth of their body diameter, to minimise vertical distance travelled whilst avoiding wave drag close to the surface. This has rarely been examined, however, due to depth measurement resolution issues at the surface. Here we present evidence for the use of this strategy in the wild to the nearest cm, and document the switch to shallow swimming during naturally occurring long-distance migrations. Using high-resolution depth-accelerometry and video data for little penguins (Eudyptula minor) and loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), satellite-relayed data for green turtles (Chelonia mydas), and literature data for further sea turtle, penguin and whale species, we show that near-surface swimming is likely used broadly across non-foraging diving animals to minimise the cost of transport.
published_date 2024-12-16T05:20:23Z
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score 11.090009

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