The behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses of Lumbriculus variegatus exposed to cannabidiol and its metabolites

WILLIAMS, BENJAMIN; Jomy, Georgie; Flanagan, Megan; CARRIERE, JULANTA; Labdon, Grace; HAWKES, GRACE; MCROBBIE-ASTON, JAMES; Wallace, Lisa; Price, Claire; Davies, Nia; Seeley, Aidan

doi:10.1093/etojnl/vgaf048

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The behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses of Lumbriculus variegatus exposed to cannabidiol and its metabolites

BENJAMIN WILLIAMS, Georgie Jomy, Megan Flanagan, JULANTA CARRIERE, Grace Labdon, GRACE HAWKES, JAMES MCROBBIE-ASTON, Lisa Wallace

, Claire Price

, Nia Davies, Aidan Seeley

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Volume: 44, Issue: 5, Pages: 1297 - 1309

Swansea University Authors: BENJAMIN WILLIAMS, Georgie Jomy, Megan Flanagan, JULANTA CARRIERE, Grace Labdon, GRACE HAWKES, JAMES MCROBBIE-ASTON, Lisa Wallace , Claire Price , Nia Davies, Aidan Seeley

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DOI (Published version): 10.1093/etojnl/vgaf048

Abstract

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major non-psychoactive cannabinoid that has been detected in environmental samples, but the ecotoxicological effects remain unknown. In this study, Lumbriculus variegatus are exposed to CBD, and its metabolites 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol (7-OH-CBD) and 7-carboxy-cannabidiol (7-COOH...

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Published in:	Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
ISSN:	0730-7268 1552-8618
Published:	Oxford University Press (OUP) 2025
Online Access:	Check full text
URI:	https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa68880

first_indexed	2025-02-13T10:05:15Z
last_indexed	2025-05-16T09:43:21Z
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In this study, Lumbriculus variegatus are exposed to CBD, and its metabolites 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol (7-OH-CBD) and 7-carboxy-cannabidiol (7-COOH-CBD). In this study, toxicity, tactile stimulation to elicit stereotypical behaviours and locomotor activity are measured after 24-hour exposure of L. variegatus to CBD and its metabolites. We also describe the impacts on dorsal blood vessel pulsation and oxygen consumption after 24-hour exposure to CBD and 7-OH-CBD, and the effects on regenerative capacity and total energy reserves after 72 hours of exposure to CBD and 7-OH-CBD. We observe CBD, 7-OH-CBD and 7-COOH-CBD display toxicity in 50% of test populations at 14.12 µM, 11.29 µM and 15.36 µM, respectively. 24-hour exposure to CBD decreases tactile stimulation response to elicit body reversal at ≥ 2.5 µM and helical swimming at ≥ 0.5 µM and reduces locomotor activity. L. variegatus oxygen consumption was not affected by CBD but ≥2.5 µM significantly reduced dorsal blood vessel pulse rate. We observe that exposure to 7-OH-CBD does not affect the regenerative capacity of L. variegatus while CBD is shown to reduce regeneration. Exposure to CBD also results in a significant decrease in carbohydrates, increased lipid, and no effect on protein levels in L. variegatus. We determined that CBD can reduce L. variegatus behaviours, decrease pulse rates and regenerative capacity, and disrupt energy reserves. 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spelling	2025-05-15T11:08:16.9748152 v2 68880 2025-02-13 The behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses of Lumbriculus variegatus exposed to cannabidiol and its metabolites 048456a98338bc8229dd2913bc3fdd06 BENJAMIN WILLIAMS BENJAMIN WILLIAMS true true f5951d205429d536ea58d0584296ddc8 Georgie Jomy Georgie Jomy true false a53e1d1f1c947a9f50840ff37164a11e Megan Flanagan Megan Flanagan true false 1f1ff1d7b2863c6a708c29092ca33713 JULANTA CARRIERE JULANTA CARRIERE true false df4dad0a42cc76587cd174237b2dd690 Grace Labdon Grace Labdon true false 0567a473470f3bbeecf14f22b373fb21 GRACE HAWKES GRACE HAWKES true false 0270a00f0477d5246cffdef571ab15ba JAMES MCROBBIE-ASTON JAMES MCROBBIE-ASTON true false 5cebf16bdbc8022118a35da9d13f5087 0000-0001-7471-9833 Lisa Wallace Lisa Wallace true false 9a4e4dfa37f4318c6fa67933d4fc9a17 0000-0002-6045-4835 Claire Price Claire Price true false 977abe5c673627024e4913d034dcbc95 Nia Davies Nia Davies true false c69dba86b3ccf9a140b67b7e97d68bba 0000-0001-7085-4296 Aidan Seeley Aidan Seeley true false 2025-02-13 Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major non-psychoactive cannabinoid that has been detected in environmental samples, but the ecotoxicological effects remain unknown. In this study, Lumbriculus variegatus are exposed to CBD, and its metabolites 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol (7-OH-CBD) and 7-carboxy-cannabidiol (7-COOH-CBD). In this study, toxicity, tactile stimulation to elicit stereotypical behaviours and locomotor activity are measured after 24-hour exposure of L. variegatus to CBD and its metabolites. We also describe the impacts on dorsal blood vessel pulsation and oxygen consumption after 24-hour exposure to CBD and 7-OH-CBD, and the effects on regenerative capacity and total energy reserves after 72 hours of exposure to CBD and 7-OH-CBD. We observe CBD, 7-OH-CBD and 7-COOH-CBD display toxicity in 50% of test populations at 14.12 µM, 11.29 µM and 15.36 µM, respectively. 24-hour exposure to CBD decreases tactile stimulation response to elicit body reversal at ≥ 2.5 µM and helical swimming at ≥ 0.5 µM and reduces locomotor activity. L. variegatus oxygen consumption was not affected by CBD but ≥2.5 µM significantly reduced dorsal blood vessel pulse rate. We observe that exposure to 7-OH-CBD does not affect the regenerative capacity of L. variegatus while CBD is shown to reduce regeneration. Exposure to CBD also results in a significant decrease in carbohydrates, increased lipid, and no effect on protein levels in L. variegatus. We determined that CBD can reduce L. variegatus behaviours, decrease pulse rates and regenerative capacity, and disrupt energy reserves. Our findings show that CBD is toxic to this common aquatic organism and the increased availability and use of CBD, and related substances, warrants further study of their environmental impact. Journal Article Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 44 5 1297 1309 Oxford University Press (OUP) 0730-7268 1552-8618 Lumbriculus variegatus, Cannabidiol, behavioral toxicology, invertebrate toxicology, ecotoxicology 1 5 2025 2025-05-01 10.1093/etojnl/vgaf048 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) This study was supported by a United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Discipline Hopping for Discovery Science grant. 2025-05-15T11:08:16.9748152 2025-02-13T09:42:55.8592104 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Swansea University Medical School - Biomedical Science BENJAMIN WILLIAMS 1 Georgie Jomy 2 Megan Flanagan 3 JULANTA CARRIERE 4 Grace Labdon 5 GRACE HAWKES 6 JAMES MCROBBIE-ASTON 7 Lisa Wallace 0000-0001-7471-9833 8 Claire Price 0000-0002-6045-4835 9 Nia Davies 10 Aidan Seeley 0000-0001-7085-4296 11 68880__34285__108afa7ed18e47da9bbf5b297faf01d8.pdf 68880.VoR.pdf 2025-05-15T11:03:39.7336784 Output 1817095 application/pdf Version of Record true © The Author(s) 2025. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/),
title	The behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses of Lumbriculus variegatus exposed to cannabidiol and its metabolites
spellingShingle	The behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses of Lumbriculus variegatus exposed to cannabidiol and its metabolites BENJAMIN WILLIAMS Georgie Jomy Megan Flanagan JULANTA CARRIERE Grace Labdon GRACE HAWKES JAMES MCROBBIE-ASTON Lisa Wallace Claire Price Nia Davies Aidan Seeley
title_short	The behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses of Lumbriculus variegatus exposed to cannabidiol and its metabolites
title_full	The behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses of Lumbriculus variegatus exposed to cannabidiol and its metabolites
title_fullStr	The behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses of Lumbriculus variegatus exposed to cannabidiol and its metabolites
title_full_unstemmed	The behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses of Lumbriculus variegatus exposed to cannabidiol and its metabolites
title_sort	The behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses of Lumbriculus variegatus exposed to cannabidiol and its metabolites
author_id_str_mv	048456a98338bc8229dd2913bc3fdd06 f5951d205429d536ea58d0584296ddc8 a53e1d1f1c947a9f50840ff37164a11e 1f1ff1d7b2863c6a708c29092ca33713 df4dad0a42cc76587cd174237b2dd690 0567a473470f3bbeecf14f22b373fb21 0270a00f0477d5246cffdef571ab15ba 5cebf16bdbc8022118a35da9d13f5087 9a4e4dfa37f4318c6fa67933d4fc9a17 977abe5c673627024e4913d034dcbc95 c69dba86b3ccf9a140b67b7e97d68bba
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author	BENJAMIN WILLIAMS Georgie Jomy Megan Flanagan JULANTA CARRIERE Grace Labdon GRACE HAWKES JAMES MCROBBIE-ASTON Lisa Wallace Claire Price Nia Davies Aidan Seeley
author2	BENJAMIN WILLIAMS Georgie Jomy Megan Flanagan JULANTA CARRIERE Grace Labdon GRACE HAWKES JAMES MCROBBIE-ASTON Lisa Wallace Claire Price Nia Davies Aidan Seeley
format	Journal article
container_title	Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
container_volume	44
container_issue	5
container_start_page	1297
publishDate	2025
institution	Swansea University
issn	0730-7268 1552-8618
doi_str_mv	10.1093/etojnl/vgaf048
publisher	Oxford University Press (OUP)
college_str	Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
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hierarchy_top_id	facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title	Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
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hierarchy_parent_title	Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str	Swansea University Medical School - Biomedical Science{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Swansea University Medical School - Biomedical Science
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description	Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major non-psychoactive cannabinoid that has been detected in environmental samples, but the ecotoxicological effects remain unknown. In this study, Lumbriculus variegatus are exposed to CBD, and its metabolites 7-hydroxy-cannabidiol (7-OH-CBD) and 7-carboxy-cannabidiol (7-COOH-CBD). In this study, toxicity, tactile stimulation to elicit stereotypical behaviours and locomotor activity are measured after 24-hour exposure of L. variegatus to CBD and its metabolites. We also describe the impacts on dorsal blood vessel pulsation and oxygen consumption after 24-hour exposure to CBD and 7-OH-CBD, and the effects on regenerative capacity and total energy reserves after 72 hours of exposure to CBD and 7-OH-CBD. We observe CBD, 7-OH-CBD and 7-COOH-CBD display toxicity in 50% of test populations at 14.12 µM, 11.29 µM and 15.36 µM, respectively. 24-hour exposure to CBD decreases tactile stimulation response to elicit body reversal at ≥ 2.5 µM and helical swimming at ≥ 0.5 µM and reduces locomotor activity. L. variegatus oxygen consumption was not affected by CBD but ≥2.5 µM significantly reduced dorsal blood vessel pulse rate. We observe that exposure to 7-OH-CBD does not affect the regenerative capacity of L. variegatus while CBD is shown to reduce regeneration. Exposure to CBD also results in a significant decrease in carbohydrates, increased lipid, and no effect on protein levels in L. variegatus. We determined that CBD can reduce L. variegatus behaviours, decrease pulse rates and regenerative capacity, and disrupt energy reserves. Our findings show that CBD is toxic to this common aquatic organism and the increased availability and use of CBD, and related substances, warrants further study of their environmental impact.
published_date	2025-05-01T05:25:28Z
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score	11.089572

The behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses of Lumbriculus variegatus exposed to cannabidiol and its metabolites

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