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Exploring the Crossroads of Animal Medicine: Assessing its Potential Impact on Human Health – A Comprehensive Mixed-Methods Investigation through Systematic Literature Review, Pharmacovigilance Approaches, and Netnographic Analysi... / JOSIE DUNN

Swansea University Author: JOSIE DUNN

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Abstract

The misuse of veterinary drugs has emerged as a significant public health concern with growing evidence of their infiltration into both illicit drug markets and recreational use. This study aimed to investigate veterinary drug misuse through various methodologies, including systematic literature rev...

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Published: Swansea, Wales, UK 2024
Institution: Swansea University
Degree level: Master of Research
Degree name: MRes
Supervisor: Guirguis, Amira ; Dudley, Ed
URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa68914
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last_indexed 2025-02-19T07:29:11Z
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This study aimed to investigate veterinary drug misuse through various methodologies, including systematic literature review, pharmacovigilance data approaches, and social media analysis. The systematic review of 66 articles identified 28 veterinary drugs being misused by humans, primarily &#x3B1;-2 and &#x3B2;-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, GABAergic modulators, opioid receptor agonists, NSAIDs, and NMDA receptor antagonists. These drugs were misused for purposes such as recreational use, pain relief, weight loss, bodybuilding, and stress-related self-medication, with common routes of administration being parenteral, oral, and inhalation. The motivations for their misuse ranged from affordability and accessibility to the ease of obtaining multiple prescriptions from various veterinary sources. Veterinary workers and individuals with access to animals were particularly prone to misuse. A pharmacovigilance analysis using the FAERS database analysed 21 veterinary drugs, retrieving 38,756 adverse events. A total of 9566 fatalities were recorded for the specific veterinary drugs, with the highest number of reports from the United States (13,532), followed by Canada (2869), and the United Kingdom (1400). For the eight drugs licensed exclusively for animals, most reports were related to levamisole, pentobarbital, and xylazine. Polysubstance use was evident in 90% of the drugs examined, with benzodiazepines (BZDs)/Z-drugs and opioids constituting the most prevalent co-used drug classes. Drugs such as xylazine, pentobarbital, phenylbutazone, and acepromazine were particularly concerning due to their rising use in these contexts, due to being animal drugs identified on a human-centric reporting system. A netnographic, dual-method analysis of social media discussions on Reddit revealed significant trends related to the misuse of xylazine, carfentanil, medetomidine, pentobarbital, phenylbutazone, and acepromazine. Common themes included motivations for misuse, adverse effects, and public perceptions. The combination of manual and AI-driven analysis provided deeper insights into these discussions, understanding the need for proactive monitoring of online platforms as early indicators of emerging drug misuse trends. 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spelling 2025-02-18T11:28:45.9595065 v2 68914 2025-02-18 Exploring the Crossroads of Animal Medicine: Assessing its Potential Impact on Human Health – A Comprehensive Mixed-Methods Investigation through Systematic Literature Review, Pharmacovigilance Approaches, and Netnographic Analysis 8f5a87c617b03551d21ea17a4f2083b4 JOSIE DUNN JOSIE DUNN true false 2025-02-18 The misuse of veterinary drugs has emerged as a significant public health concern with growing evidence of their infiltration into both illicit drug markets and recreational use. This study aimed to investigate veterinary drug misuse through various methodologies, including systematic literature review, pharmacovigilance data approaches, and social media analysis. The systematic review of 66 articles identified 28 veterinary drugs being misused by humans, primarily α-2 and β-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, GABAergic modulators, opioid receptor agonists, NSAIDs, and NMDA receptor antagonists. These drugs were misused for purposes such as recreational use, pain relief, weight loss, bodybuilding, and stress-related self-medication, with common routes of administration being parenteral, oral, and inhalation. The motivations for their misuse ranged from affordability and accessibility to the ease of obtaining multiple prescriptions from various veterinary sources. Veterinary workers and individuals with access to animals were particularly prone to misuse. A pharmacovigilance analysis using the FAERS database analysed 21 veterinary drugs, retrieving 38,756 adverse events. A total of 9566 fatalities were recorded for the specific veterinary drugs, with the highest number of reports from the United States (13,532), followed by Canada (2869), and the United Kingdom (1400). For the eight drugs licensed exclusively for animals, most reports were related to levamisole, pentobarbital, and xylazine. Polysubstance use was evident in 90% of the drugs examined, with benzodiazepines (BZDs)/Z-drugs and opioids constituting the most prevalent co-used drug classes. Drugs such as xylazine, pentobarbital, phenylbutazone, and acepromazine were particularly concerning due to their rising use in these contexts, due to being animal drugs identified on a human-centric reporting system. A netnographic, dual-method analysis of social media discussions on Reddit revealed significant trends related to the misuse of xylazine, carfentanil, medetomidine, pentobarbital, phenylbutazone, and acepromazine. Common themes included motivations for misuse, adverse effects, and public perceptions. The combination of manual and AI-driven analysis provided deeper insights into these discussions, understanding the need for proactive monitoring of online platforms as early indicators of emerging drug misuse trends. Collectively, this research emphasises the increasing misuse of veterinary drugs and the need for heightened vigilance in both healthcare and public health policy to address the growing risks of overdose, dependence, and illicit drug adulteration. E-Thesis Swansea, Wales, UK pharmacy, substance misuse, drug misuse, pharmacovigilance, veterinary drugs 2 12 2024 2024-12-02 ORCiD identifier: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8736-9474 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University Guirguis, Amira ; Dudley, Ed Master of Research MRes 2025-02-18T11:28:45.9595065 2025-02-18T11:17:48.2566194 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Swansea University Medical School - Biomedical Science JOSIE DUNN 1 68914__33617__2603bf64ade74d2496509fe9121744a5.pdf Dunn_Josie_MRes_Thesis_Final_Embargoed_Cronfa.pdf 2025-02-18T11:27:40.9375542 Output 2168213 application/pdf E-Thesis – open access true 2025-06-02T00:00:00.0000000 Copyright: The Author, Josie Dunn, 2024. Licensed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-Only (CC-BY) license. Third party content is excluded for use under the license terms. true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
title Exploring the Crossroads of Animal Medicine: Assessing its Potential Impact on Human Health – A Comprehensive Mixed-Methods Investigation through Systematic Literature Review, Pharmacovigilance Approaches, and Netnographic Analysis
spellingShingle Exploring the Crossroads of Animal Medicine: Assessing its Potential Impact on Human Health – A Comprehensive Mixed-Methods Investigation through Systematic Literature Review, Pharmacovigilance Approaches, and Netnographic Analysis
JOSIE DUNN
title_short Exploring the Crossroads of Animal Medicine: Assessing its Potential Impact on Human Health – A Comprehensive Mixed-Methods Investigation through Systematic Literature Review, Pharmacovigilance Approaches, and Netnographic Analysis
title_full Exploring the Crossroads of Animal Medicine: Assessing its Potential Impact on Human Health – A Comprehensive Mixed-Methods Investigation through Systematic Literature Review, Pharmacovigilance Approaches, and Netnographic Analysis
title_fullStr Exploring the Crossroads of Animal Medicine: Assessing its Potential Impact on Human Health – A Comprehensive Mixed-Methods Investigation through Systematic Literature Review, Pharmacovigilance Approaches, and Netnographic Analysis
title_full_unstemmed Exploring the Crossroads of Animal Medicine: Assessing its Potential Impact on Human Health – A Comprehensive Mixed-Methods Investigation through Systematic Literature Review, Pharmacovigilance Approaches, and Netnographic Analysis
title_sort Exploring the Crossroads of Animal Medicine: Assessing its Potential Impact on Human Health – A Comprehensive Mixed-Methods Investigation through Systematic Literature Review, Pharmacovigilance Approaches, and Netnographic Analysis
author_id_str_mv 8f5a87c617b03551d21ea17a4f2083b4
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author JOSIE DUNN
author2 JOSIE DUNN
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publishDate 2024
institution Swansea University
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str Swansea University Medical School - Biomedical Science{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Swansea University Medical School - Biomedical Science
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description The misuse of veterinary drugs has emerged as a significant public health concern with growing evidence of their infiltration into both illicit drug markets and recreational use. This study aimed to investigate veterinary drug misuse through various methodologies, including systematic literature review, pharmacovigilance data approaches, and social media analysis. The systematic review of 66 articles identified 28 veterinary drugs being misused by humans, primarily α-2 and β-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, GABAergic modulators, opioid receptor agonists, NSAIDs, and NMDA receptor antagonists. These drugs were misused for purposes such as recreational use, pain relief, weight loss, bodybuilding, and stress-related self-medication, with common routes of administration being parenteral, oral, and inhalation. The motivations for their misuse ranged from affordability and accessibility to the ease of obtaining multiple prescriptions from various veterinary sources. Veterinary workers and individuals with access to animals were particularly prone to misuse. A pharmacovigilance analysis using the FAERS database analysed 21 veterinary drugs, retrieving 38,756 adverse events. A total of 9566 fatalities were recorded for the specific veterinary drugs, with the highest number of reports from the United States (13,532), followed by Canada (2869), and the United Kingdom (1400). For the eight drugs licensed exclusively for animals, most reports were related to levamisole, pentobarbital, and xylazine. Polysubstance use was evident in 90% of the drugs examined, with benzodiazepines (BZDs)/Z-drugs and opioids constituting the most prevalent co-used drug classes. Drugs such as xylazine, pentobarbital, phenylbutazone, and acepromazine were particularly concerning due to their rising use in these contexts, due to being animal drugs identified on a human-centric reporting system. A netnographic, dual-method analysis of social media discussions on Reddit revealed significant trends related to the misuse of xylazine, carfentanil, medetomidine, pentobarbital, phenylbutazone, and acepromazine. Common themes included motivations for misuse, adverse effects, and public perceptions. The combination of manual and AI-driven analysis provided deeper insights into these discussions, understanding the need for proactive monitoring of online platforms as early indicators of emerging drug misuse trends. Collectively, this research emphasises the increasing misuse of veterinary drugs and the need for heightened vigilance in both healthcare and public health policy to address the growing risks of overdose, dependence, and illicit drug adulteration.
published_date 2024-12-02T05:57:06Z
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score 11.069913

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