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Characterisation of Sustainable Materials for Can Making / EMILY HOLDING

Swansea University Author: EMILY HOLDING

DOI (Published version): 10.23889/SUThesis.69049

Abstract

REACH legislation banning the use of Cr(VI) (hexavalent chromium) in can making initiated a drive to develop safer, more sustainable alternatives. TATA steel developed TCCT, as an alternative to ECCS (Electrolytic Chromium Coated Steel) substrates produced using Cr(VI) electroplating baths. The adde...

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Published: Swansea University, Wales, UK 2025
Institution: Swansea University
Degree level: Doctoral
Degree name: EngD
Supervisor: Jewell, E.
URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa69049
first_indexed 2025-03-06T16:40:07Z
last_indexed 2025-03-07T05:49:39Z
id cronfa69049
recordtype RisThesis
fullrecord <?xml version="1.0"?><rfc1807><datestamp>2025-03-06T13:07:48.7622713</datestamp><bib-version>v2</bib-version><id>69049</id><entry>2025-03-06</entry><title>Characterisation of Sustainable Materials for Can Making</title><swanseaauthors><author><sid>e4c29b55205b8f4cc3d5539cd8afca47</sid><firstname>EMILY</firstname><surname>HOLDING</surname><name>EMILY HOLDING</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author></swanseaauthors><date>2025-03-06</date><abstract>REACH legislation banning the use of Cr(VI) (hexavalent chromium) in can making initiated a drive to develop safer, more sustainable alternatives. TATA steel developed TCCT, as an alternative to ECCS (Electrolytic Chromium Coated Steel) substrates produced using Cr(VI) electroplating baths. The added requirement to remove BPA (Bisphenol A) from food contact materials means that the EP (Epoxy Phenolic) lacquer that is currently used must be replaced with a BPA free alternative, BPANI (Bisphenol A Non-Intent). Both TCCT and BPANI have been characterised using various mechanical and analytical techniques throughout this work.Simulant concentration, substrate surface condition and CrOx (chromium oxide) weight are key influencers on material performance. A CrOx weight of 9-11 mg m-2 is optimal. Water uptake by BPANI is a mechanical rather than chemical mechanism. EP and BPANI are both effective at providing corrosion protection for the underlying substrate.Newer TCCT generations perform similarly to ECCS at lower uniaxial strain. The performance of all substrate types was similar at high strain. At high NaCl concentrations the simulant concentration is the primary influencer over material performance as opposed to strain. The change in surface condition due to strain was more significant for ECCS than TCCT.A method was developed to induce and quantify biaxial strain and test lacquer adhesion. Biaxial strain is more detrimental to the substrate than uniaxial strain. Oxidepin hole identification confirmed that an increase in strain exposes more free metal. A correlation between an increase in copper percentage and a decrease in failure force confirmed that surface condition influences lacquer adhesion.TCCT performance has improved with newer generations. It was concluded that based on the performance of TCCT being similar to ECCS under strain, that the novel TCCT substrate was suitable for use in the can shaping process. Retort and corrosion tests have also demonstrated the suitability of newer TCCT substrate generations for can making applications. The novel BPANI lacquer is heavily influenced by food simulant and retort conditions, more so than the commercially established EP lacquer.Performance of newer generation TCCT generations is acceptable providing the lacquer covers any surface defects and an adequate CrOx layer is present.</abstract><type>E-Thesis</type><journal/><volume/><journalNumber/><paginationStart/><paginationEnd/><publisher/><placeOfPublication>Swansea University, Wales, UK</placeOfPublication><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint/><issnElectronic/><keywords>Coating, lacquer, can making, Cr(III), Cr(VI), REACH, TCCT, ECCS, BPANI, BPA, Epoxyphenolic,</keywords><publishedDay>14</publishedDay><publishedMonth>1</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2025</publishedYear><publishedDate>2025-01-14</publishedDate><doi>10.23889/SUThesis.69049</doi><url/><notes>A selection of content is redacted or is partially redacted from this thesis to protect sensitive and personal information.</notes><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><supervisor>Jewell, E.</supervisor><degreelevel>Doctoral</degreelevel><degreename>EngD</degreename><degreesponsorsfunders>TATA Steel/Eviosys</degreesponsorsfunders><apcterm/><funders>TATA Steel/Eviosys</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2025-03-06T13:07:48.7622713</lastEdited><Created>2025-03-06T12:49:41.9942925</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering</level></path><authors><author><firstname>EMILY</firstname><surname>HOLDING</surname><order>1</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>69049__33746__dd5a3a6b5f734bb9bcbfce57a709db1d.pdf</filename><originalFilename>2025_Holding_E.final.69049.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2025-03-06T13:01:19.3454106</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>7086046</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>E-Thesis &#x2013; open access</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>Copyright: The Author, Emily Holding, 2025</documentNotes><copyrightCorrect>true</copyrightCorrect><language>eng</language></document></documents><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling 2025-03-06T13:07:48.7622713 v2 69049 2025-03-06 Characterisation of Sustainable Materials for Can Making e4c29b55205b8f4cc3d5539cd8afca47 EMILY HOLDING EMILY HOLDING true false 2025-03-06 REACH legislation banning the use of Cr(VI) (hexavalent chromium) in can making initiated a drive to develop safer, more sustainable alternatives. TATA steel developed TCCT, as an alternative to ECCS (Electrolytic Chromium Coated Steel) substrates produced using Cr(VI) electroplating baths. The added requirement to remove BPA (Bisphenol A) from food contact materials means that the EP (Epoxy Phenolic) lacquer that is currently used must be replaced with a BPA free alternative, BPANI (Bisphenol A Non-Intent). Both TCCT and BPANI have been characterised using various mechanical and analytical techniques throughout this work.Simulant concentration, substrate surface condition and CrOx (chromium oxide) weight are key influencers on material performance. A CrOx weight of 9-11 mg m-2 is optimal. Water uptake by BPANI is a mechanical rather than chemical mechanism. EP and BPANI are both effective at providing corrosion protection for the underlying substrate.Newer TCCT generations perform similarly to ECCS at lower uniaxial strain. The performance of all substrate types was similar at high strain. At high NaCl concentrations the simulant concentration is the primary influencer over material performance as opposed to strain. The change in surface condition due to strain was more significant for ECCS than TCCT.A method was developed to induce and quantify biaxial strain and test lacquer adhesion. Biaxial strain is more detrimental to the substrate than uniaxial strain. Oxidepin hole identification confirmed that an increase in strain exposes more free metal. A correlation between an increase in copper percentage and a decrease in failure force confirmed that surface condition influences lacquer adhesion.TCCT performance has improved with newer generations. It was concluded that based on the performance of TCCT being similar to ECCS under strain, that the novel TCCT substrate was suitable for use in the can shaping process. Retort and corrosion tests have also demonstrated the suitability of newer TCCT substrate generations for can making applications. The novel BPANI lacquer is heavily influenced by food simulant and retort conditions, more so than the commercially established EP lacquer.Performance of newer generation TCCT generations is acceptable providing the lacquer covers any surface defects and an adequate CrOx layer is present. E-Thesis Swansea University, Wales, UK Coating, lacquer, can making, Cr(III), Cr(VI), REACH, TCCT, ECCS, BPANI, BPA, Epoxyphenolic, 14 1 2025 2025-01-14 10.23889/SUThesis.69049 A selection of content is redacted or is partially redacted from this thesis to protect sensitive and personal information. COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University Jewell, E. Doctoral EngD TATA Steel/Eviosys TATA Steel/Eviosys 2025-03-06T13:07:48.7622713 2025-03-06T12:49:41.9942925 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering EMILY HOLDING 1 69049__33746__dd5a3a6b5f734bb9bcbfce57a709db1d.pdf 2025_Holding_E.final.69049.pdf 2025-03-06T13:01:19.3454106 Output 7086046 application/pdf E-Thesis – open access true Copyright: The Author, Emily Holding, 2025 true eng
title Characterisation of Sustainable Materials for Can Making
spellingShingle Characterisation of Sustainable Materials for Can Making
EMILY HOLDING
title_short Characterisation of Sustainable Materials for Can Making
title_full Characterisation of Sustainable Materials for Can Making
title_fullStr Characterisation of Sustainable Materials for Can Making
title_full_unstemmed Characterisation of Sustainable Materials for Can Making
title_sort Characterisation of Sustainable Materials for Can Making
author_id_str_mv e4c29b55205b8f4cc3d5539cd8afca47
author_id_fullname_str_mv e4c29b55205b8f4cc3d5539cd8afca47_***_EMILY HOLDING
author EMILY HOLDING
author2 EMILY HOLDING
format E-Thesis
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
doi_str_mv 10.23889/SUThesis.69049
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering
document_store_str 1
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description REACH legislation banning the use of Cr(VI) (hexavalent chromium) in can making initiated a drive to develop safer, more sustainable alternatives. TATA steel developed TCCT, as an alternative to ECCS (Electrolytic Chromium Coated Steel) substrates produced using Cr(VI) electroplating baths. The added requirement to remove BPA (Bisphenol A) from food contact materials means that the EP (Epoxy Phenolic) lacquer that is currently used must be replaced with a BPA free alternative, BPANI (Bisphenol A Non-Intent). Both TCCT and BPANI have been characterised using various mechanical and analytical techniques throughout this work.Simulant concentration, substrate surface condition and CrOx (chromium oxide) weight are key influencers on material performance. A CrOx weight of 9-11 mg m-2 is optimal. Water uptake by BPANI is a mechanical rather than chemical mechanism. EP and BPANI are both effective at providing corrosion protection for the underlying substrate.Newer TCCT generations perform similarly to ECCS at lower uniaxial strain. The performance of all substrate types was similar at high strain. At high NaCl concentrations the simulant concentration is the primary influencer over material performance as opposed to strain. The change in surface condition due to strain was more significant for ECCS than TCCT.A method was developed to induce and quantify biaxial strain and test lacquer adhesion. Biaxial strain is more detrimental to the substrate than uniaxial strain. Oxidepin hole identification confirmed that an increase in strain exposes more free metal. A correlation between an increase in copper percentage and a decrease in failure force confirmed that surface condition influences lacquer adhesion.TCCT performance has improved with newer generations. It was concluded that based on the performance of TCCT being similar to ECCS under strain, that the novel TCCT substrate was suitable for use in the can shaping process. Retort and corrosion tests have also demonstrated the suitability of newer TCCT substrate generations for can making applications. The novel BPANI lacquer is heavily influenced by food simulant and retort conditions, more so than the commercially established EP lacquer.Performance of newer generation TCCT generations is acceptable providing the lacquer covers any surface defects and an adequate CrOx layer is present.
published_date 2025-01-14T05:25:56Z
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score 11.089572

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