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Digit ratio (2D:4D) and maxillary sinus volume: A link between prenatal sex steroids and a paranasal reservoir of nitric oxide?

Anna Kasielska-Trojan, Marcin Majos, Aneta Sitek, Bogusław Antoszewski, John Manning

Early Human Development, Volume: 208, Start page: 106316

Swansea University Author: John Manning

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316

Abstract

The paranasal sinuses serve as a reservoir for nitric oxide (NO), a vasodilator associated with cardiovascular health and exercise performance. Digit ratio (2D:4D), a proxy for first trimester testosterone and estrogen, is also a correlate of cardiovascular health and exercise performance. There are...

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Published in: Early Human Development
ISSN: 0378-3782 1872-6232
Published: Elsevier BV 2025
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa69818
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spelling 2025-06-26T11:24:07.5001112 v2 69818 2025-06-26 Digit ratio (2D:4D) and maxillary sinus volume: A link between prenatal sex steroids and a paranasal reservoir of nitric oxide? d106a326bbb29a053d2b8c7f8ad9a3f8 John Manning John Manning true false 2025-06-26 The paranasal sinuses serve as a reservoir for nitric oxide (NO), a vasodilator associated with cardiovascular health and exercise performance. Digit ratio (2D:4D), a proxy for first trimester testosterone and estrogen, is also a correlate of cardiovascular health and exercise performance. There are sex differences in the volume of fractional exhaled NO (FeNO: males>females) and in mean 2D:4D (males<females). Here we consider the relationships between 2D:4D and the volume of the largest paranasal sinus, i.e. the maxillary sinus (MS), in men and women. 30 male and 30 female participants, mean age of 38.4 ± 11.8 years, who had a paranasal sinus computer tomography (CT) scan were included. The MS volumes were calculated from the scans using GE software. The 2D:4D ratios were obtained from direct measurements of the 2nd and 4th digits. Sex differences were not significant in 2D:4D or MS volumes. In males, 2D:4D correlated negatively with right MS volume (right and left 2D:4D, r = -0.58) and left MS volume (right 2D:4D r = -0.45, left 2D:4D r = -0.40). After removal of the effects of age, BMI and digit length all correlations for the right MS remained significant as did that between right 2D:4D and left MS. There were no significant correlations in females. We have found that low (androgenized) 2D:4D in men is associated with high MS volumes with stronger effects for the right MS. Our findings indicate that in men high prenatal testosterone relative to estrogen is related to high MS volume. We suggest that 2D:4D may be negatively related to FeNO volume produced by the MS. Journal Article Early Human Development 208 106316 Elsevier BV 0378-3782 1872-6232 Digit ratio; Maxillary sinus volume; FeNO production 1 9 2025 2025-09-01 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee 2025-06-26T11:24:07.5001112 2025-06-26T11:16:42.6770704 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences Anna Kasielska-Trojan 1 Marcin Majos 2 Aneta Sitek 3 Bogusław Antoszewski 4 John Manning 5 69818__34592__c22e9be32273421888dde3d7d80660e3.pdf 69818.VOR.pdf 2025-06-26T11:21:45.0027632 Output 863087 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the CC BY license. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Digit ratio (2D:4D) and maxillary sinus volume: A link between prenatal sex steroids and a paranasal reservoir of nitric oxide?
spellingShingle Digit ratio (2D:4D) and maxillary sinus volume: A link between prenatal sex steroids and a paranasal reservoir of nitric oxide?
John Manning
title_short Digit ratio (2D:4D) and maxillary sinus volume: A link between prenatal sex steroids and a paranasal reservoir of nitric oxide?
title_full Digit ratio (2D:4D) and maxillary sinus volume: A link between prenatal sex steroids and a paranasal reservoir of nitric oxide?
title_fullStr Digit ratio (2D:4D) and maxillary sinus volume: A link between prenatal sex steroids and a paranasal reservoir of nitric oxide?
title_full_unstemmed Digit ratio (2D:4D) and maxillary sinus volume: A link between prenatal sex steroids and a paranasal reservoir of nitric oxide?
title_sort Digit ratio (2D:4D) and maxillary sinus volume: A link between prenatal sex steroids and a paranasal reservoir of nitric oxide?
author_id_str_mv d106a326bbb29a053d2b8c7f8ad9a3f8
author_id_fullname_str_mv d106a326bbb29a053d2b8c7f8ad9a3f8_***_John Manning
author John Manning
author2 Anna Kasielska-Trojan
Marcin Majos
Aneta Sitek
Bogusław Antoszewski
John Manning
format Journal article
container_title Early Human Development
container_volume 208
container_start_page 106316
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 0378-3782
1872-6232
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316
publisher Elsevier BV
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences
document_store_str 1
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description The paranasal sinuses serve as a reservoir for nitric oxide (NO), a vasodilator associated with cardiovascular health and exercise performance. Digit ratio (2D:4D), a proxy for first trimester testosterone and estrogen, is also a correlate of cardiovascular health and exercise performance. There are sex differences in the volume of fractional exhaled NO (FeNO: males>females) and in mean 2D:4D (males<females). Here we consider the relationships between 2D:4D and the volume of the largest paranasal sinus, i.e. the maxillary sinus (MS), in men and women. 30 male and 30 female participants, mean age of 38.4 ± 11.8 years, who had a paranasal sinus computer tomography (CT) scan were included. The MS volumes were calculated from the scans using GE software. The 2D:4D ratios were obtained from direct measurements of the 2nd and 4th digits. Sex differences were not significant in 2D:4D or MS volumes. In males, 2D:4D correlated negatively with right MS volume (right and left 2D:4D, r = -0.58) and left MS volume (right 2D:4D r = -0.45, left 2D:4D r = -0.40). After removal of the effects of age, BMI and digit length all correlations for the right MS remained significant as did that between right 2D:4D and left MS. There were no significant correlations in females. We have found that low (androgenized) 2D:4D in men is associated with high MS volumes with stronger effects for the right MS. Our findings indicate that in men high prenatal testosterone relative to estrogen is related to high MS volume. We suggest that 2D:4D may be negatively related to FeNO volume produced by the MS.
published_date 2025-09-01T05:25:40Z
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