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Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Lizeth García-Torres Orcid Logo, Idania De Alba Montero Orcid Logo, Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca Orcid Logo, Facundo Ruiz Orcid Logo, Sumati Bhatia Orcid Logo, Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho, Jaime Ruiz-García Orcid Logo

Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, Volume: 16, Pages: 1171 - 1183

Swansea University Author: Sumati Bhatia Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.3762/bjnano.16.86

Abstract

Nanomechanical maps to test the mechanical response of the outer envelope of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained utilizing atomic force microscopy in force-volume mode in the low range of loading forces when exposed to hypotonic (Milli-Q water), isotonic (PBS), and hypertonic (0.5 M NaCl) solutions...

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Published in: Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
ISSN: 2190-4286
Published: Beilstein-Institut 2025
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa70125
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Imaging and mechanical testing showed that bacteria are highly resilient to deformation and can withstand repetitive indentations in the range of 500 pN. Analysis of force spectra revealed that although there are differences in the mechanical response within the first stages of nanoindentation, similar values in the slopes of the curves reflected a stable stiffness of about k B = 20 mN/m and turgor pressures of P t = 12.1 kPa. Interestingly, a change in the nonlinear regime of the force curves and a gradual increase in maximal deformation by the AFM tip from hypotonic to hypertonic solutions suggest a softening of the outer envelope, which we associate with intense dehydration and membrane separation between inner and outer envelopes. Application of a contact mechanics model to account for the minute differences in mechanical behavior upon deformation provided Young's moduli in the range of 0.7-1.1 kPa. 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spelling 2025-08-07T11:19:05.1560328 v2 70125 2025-08-07 Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa a6b1181ebdbe42bd03b24cbdb559d082 0000-0002-5123-4937 Sumati Bhatia Sumati Bhatia true false 2025-08-07 EAAS Nanomechanical maps to test the mechanical response of the outer envelope of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained utilizing atomic force microscopy in force-volume mode in the low range of loading forces when exposed to hypotonic (Milli-Q water), isotonic (PBS), and hypertonic (0.5 M NaCl) solutions. Imaging and mechanical testing showed that bacteria are highly resilient to deformation and can withstand repetitive indentations in the range of 500 pN. Analysis of force spectra revealed that although there are differences in the mechanical response within the first stages of nanoindentation, similar values in the slopes of the curves reflected a stable stiffness of about k B = 20 mN/m and turgor pressures of P t = 12.1 kPa. Interestingly, a change in the nonlinear regime of the force curves and a gradual increase in maximal deformation by the AFM tip from hypotonic to hypertonic solutions suggest a softening of the outer envelope, which we associate with intense dehydration and membrane separation between inner and outer envelopes. Application of a contact mechanics model to account for the minute differences in mechanical behavior upon deformation provided Young's moduli in the range of 0.7-1.1 kPa. Implications of the presented results with previously reported data in the literature are discussed. Journal Article Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 16 1171 1183 Beilstein-Institut 2190-4286 AFM; force spectroscopy; membrane rigidity; nanomechanical mapping; osmotic shock 21 7 2025 2025-07-21 10.3762/bjnano.16.86 COLLEGE NANME Engineering and Applied Sciences School COLLEGE CODE EAAS Swansea University Not Required Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) – Project ID: 458564133; Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) RG\R1\241050; National postdoctoral Fellowship program SECIHTI (CONACYT) Mexico 2025-08-07T11:19:05.1560328 2025-08-07T11:03:28.5659580 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Chemistry Lizeth García-Torres 0000-0003-4833-1266 1 Idania De Alba Montero 0000-0002-4309-2350 2 Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca 0000-0002-7583-8655 3 Facundo Ruiz 0000-0001-6589-5958 4 Sumati Bhatia 0000-0002-5123-4937 5 Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho 6 Jaime Ruiz-García 0000-0003-3730-3825 7 70125__34923__a7be39b597074455a51d43f15b439e5c.pdf 70125.VOR.pdf 2025-08-07T11:14:45.5393069 Output 4621199 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 García-Torres et al. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Beilstein-Institut Open Access License Agreement (https://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjnano/terms), which is identical to the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
title Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
spellingShingle Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Sumati Bhatia
title_short Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
title_full Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
title_fullStr Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
title_full_unstemmed Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
title_sort Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
author_id_str_mv a6b1181ebdbe42bd03b24cbdb559d082
author_id_fullname_str_mv a6b1181ebdbe42bd03b24cbdb559d082_***_Sumati Bhatia
author Sumati Bhatia
author2 Lizeth García-Torres
Idania De Alba Montero
Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca
Facundo Ruiz
Sumati Bhatia
Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho
Jaime Ruiz-García
format Journal article
container_title Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
container_volume 16
container_start_page 1171
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 2190-4286
doi_str_mv 10.3762/bjnano.16.86
publisher Beilstein-Institut
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Chemistry{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Chemistry
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Nanomechanical maps to test the mechanical response of the outer envelope of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained utilizing atomic force microscopy in force-volume mode in the low range of loading forces when exposed to hypotonic (Milli-Q water), isotonic (PBS), and hypertonic (0.5 M NaCl) solutions. Imaging and mechanical testing showed that bacteria are highly resilient to deformation and can withstand repetitive indentations in the range of 500 pN. Analysis of force spectra revealed that although there are differences in the mechanical response within the first stages of nanoindentation, similar values in the slopes of the curves reflected a stable stiffness of about k B = 20 mN/m and turgor pressures of P t = 12.1 kPa. Interestingly, a change in the nonlinear regime of the force curves and a gradual increase in maximal deformation by the AFM tip from hypotonic to hypertonic solutions suggest a softening of the outer envelope, which we associate with intense dehydration and membrane separation between inner and outer envelopes. Application of a contact mechanics model to account for the minute differences in mechanical behavior upon deformation provided Young's moduli in the range of 0.7-1.1 kPa. Implications of the presented results with previously reported data in the literature are discussed.
published_date 2025-07-21T12:36:15Z
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