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Effect of heat treatment on the recrystallisation of thin-walled stainless steel 316L fabricated by laser beam powder bed fusion

Charlie Bevan, Nick Barnard, Thomas Jones, Robert Lancaster Orcid Logo

Materials & Design, Volume: 258, Start page: 114592

Swansea University Authors: Charlie Bevan, Nick Barnard, Robert Lancaster Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114592

Abstract

Additive Manufacturing (AM), particularly laser beam powder bed fusion (LB-PBF), enables fabrication of complex thin-wall geometries, yet post-processing studies on such structures are limited. This work investigates heat-treatment annealing of thin-walled stainless steel 316L (SS316L) built via LB-...

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Published in: Materials & Design
ISSN: 0264-1275
Published: Elsevier BV 2025
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa70186
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spelling 2025-09-24T13:10:58.9326108 v2 70186 2025-08-15 Effect of heat treatment on the recrystallisation of thin-walled stainless steel 316L fabricated by laser beam powder bed fusion 7b3533a3faccf17f97a317d898de0880 Charlie Bevan Charlie Bevan true false dc4a58e614bc6a1d99812a3acfdd9034 Nick Barnard Nick Barnard true false e1a1b126acd3e4ff734691ec34967f29 0000-0002-1365-6944 Robert Lancaster Robert Lancaster true false 2025-08-15 Additive Manufacturing (AM), particularly laser beam powder bed fusion (LB-PBF), enables fabrication of complex thin-wall geometries, yet post-processing studies on such structures are limited. This work investigates heat-treatment annealing of thin-walled stainless steel 316L (SS316L) built via LB-PBF. A novel build geometry with wall thicknesses from 0.2–1.8 mm was used to examine microstructures before and after heat-treatment (HT) at 1050 °C and 1150 °C. In the as-built state, thinner walls showed grains oriented in <001> toward the wall centre, while thicker walls exhibited a <101> orientation due to a central band of preferential grain growth, typical of larger LB-PBF SS316L parts. Annealing at 1150 °C produced partial recrystallisation in all samples, reaching 86 % in the thickest walls, whereas 1050 °C annealing had little effect. Analysis of geometrically necessary dislocation density, low-angle boundaries (LAB), and high-angle boundaries (HAB) showed no correlation with recrystallisation behaviour. The primary factor limiting recrystallisation was Mn- and Si-based oxide distributions, which impeded grain boundary migration. This caused a stop-and-go growth mechanism, leading to abnormal grain growth in some cases. Findings highlight that chemical segregation, rather than dislocation structure, controls recrystallisation in thin-walled LB-PBF SS316L. Journal Article Materials &amp; Design 258 114592 Elsevier BV 0264-1275 Laser beam powder bed fusion (LB-BPF); Stainless steel 316L (SS316L); Post-processing; Heat-treatment (HT); Recrystallisation 1 10 2025 2025-10-01 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114592 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University Other The current research was solely funded by Rolls-Royce plc. The provision of a research bursary, materials, and supporting information from Rolls-Royce plc. is gratefully acknowledged. 2025-09-24T13:10:58.9326108 2025-08-15T14:48:59.8321392 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering Charlie Bevan 1 Nick Barnard 2 Thomas Jones 3 Robert Lancaster 0000-0002-1365-6944 4 70186__35165__bb9ec92a69a84ee2a6c27fefacdedbe0.pdf 70186.VoR.pdf 2025-09-24T13:08:48.9366441 Output 21550280 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the CC BY license. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Effect of heat treatment on the recrystallisation of thin-walled stainless steel 316L fabricated by laser beam powder bed fusion
spellingShingle Effect of heat treatment on the recrystallisation of thin-walled stainless steel 316L fabricated by laser beam powder bed fusion
Charlie Bevan
Nick Barnard
Robert Lancaster
title_short Effect of heat treatment on the recrystallisation of thin-walled stainless steel 316L fabricated by laser beam powder bed fusion
title_full Effect of heat treatment on the recrystallisation of thin-walled stainless steel 316L fabricated by laser beam powder bed fusion
title_fullStr Effect of heat treatment on the recrystallisation of thin-walled stainless steel 316L fabricated by laser beam powder bed fusion
title_full_unstemmed Effect of heat treatment on the recrystallisation of thin-walled stainless steel 316L fabricated by laser beam powder bed fusion
title_sort Effect of heat treatment on the recrystallisation of thin-walled stainless steel 316L fabricated by laser beam powder bed fusion
author_id_str_mv 7b3533a3faccf17f97a317d898de0880
dc4a58e614bc6a1d99812a3acfdd9034
e1a1b126acd3e4ff734691ec34967f29
author_id_fullname_str_mv 7b3533a3faccf17f97a317d898de0880_***_Charlie Bevan
dc4a58e614bc6a1d99812a3acfdd9034_***_Nick Barnard
e1a1b126acd3e4ff734691ec34967f29_***_Robert Lancaster
author Charlie Bevan
Nick Barnard
Robert Lancaster
author2 Charlie Bevan
Nick Barnard
Thomas Jones
Robert Lancaster
format Journal article
container_title Materials &amp; Design
container_volume 258
container_start_page 114592
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 0264-1275
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114592
publisher Elsevier BV
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering
document_store_str 1
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description Additive Manufacturing (AM), particularly laser beam powder bed fusion (LB-PBF), enables fabrication of complex thin-wall geometries, yet post-processing studies on such structures are limited. This work investigates heat-treatment annealing of thin-walled stainless steel 316L (SS316L) built via LB-PBF. A novel build geometry with wall thicknesses from 0.2–1.8 mm was used to examine microstructures before and after heat-treatment (HT) at 1050 °C and 1150 °C. In the as-built state, thinner walls showed grains oriented in <001> toward the wall centre, while thicker walls exhibited a <101> orientation due to a central band of preferential grain growth, typical of larger LB-PBF SS316L parts. Annealing at 1150 °C produced partial recrystallisation in all samples, reaching 86 % in the thickest walls, whereas 1050 °C annealing had little effect. Analysis of geometrically necessary dislocation density, low-angle boundaries (LAB), and high-angle boundaries (HAB) showed no correlation with recrystallisation behaviour. The primary factor limiting recrystallisation was Mn- and Si-based oxide distributions, which impeded grain boundary migration. This caused a stop-and-go growth mechanism, leading to abnormal grain growth in some cases. Findings highlight that chemical segregation, rather than dislocation structure, controls recrystallisation in thin-walled LB-PBF SS316L.
published_date 2025-10-01T05:24:21Z
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