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Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions, and Practices of Non-Consensual Condom Removal Among Young Adults: A Systematic Review

MAMTA BEHERA, Menna Brown Orcid Logo

Journal of Applied Bioanalysis, Volume: 12, Issue: 1

Swansea University Authors: MAMTA BEHERA, Menna Brown Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.53555/jab.v12i1.746

Abstract

Background: Non-Consensual Condom Removal (NCCR), commonly referred to as “stealthing,” is an emerging yet under-recognised form of sexual violence. Despite growing awareness, it remains poorly understood within legal and policy frameworks. Young adults are particularly vulnerable due to their engag...

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Published in: Journal of Applied Bioanalysis
ISSN: 2405-710X
Published: Green Publication 2025
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa71110
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last_indexed 2025-12-09T14:20:21Z
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spelling 2025-12-08T11:20:40.5979436 v2 71110 2025-12-08 Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions, and Practices of Non-Consensual Condom Removal Among Young Adults: A Systematic Review 1c77904f5ea36fc60eb5ec6639ed5f74 MAMTA BEHERA MAMTA BEHERA true false cf3c261a9100f79a3f1d018fa4066595 0000-0003-1427-1648 Menna Brown Menna Brown true false 2025-12-08 Background: Non-Consensual Condom Removal (NCCR), commonly referred to as “stealthing,” is an emerging yet under-recognised form of sexual violence. Despite growing awareness, it remains poorly understood within legal and policy frameworks. Young adults are particularly vulnerable due to their engagement in casual sexual relationships, socio-cultural exposure, and unequal access to consent education. This review explores how social, cultural, and developmental factors influence young people’s knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and experiences of NCCR across different regions. Methods: This review followed PRISMA guidelines. Three databases were searched: MEDLINE, CINAHL, and APA PsycINFO. Two reviewers independently screened studies, and inter-rater agreement was assessed using Kappa. Methodological quality was appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklists, and data were synthesised using a mixed methods approach. Results: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Most participants recognised NCCR as morally wrong, but many, especially women in casual relationships, did not recognise it as a violation. Women often viewed NCCR as a betrayal or form of sexual violence, while some men normalised it, particularly in casual contexts. Support for penalties was mixed and more likely when NCCR led to pregnancy or STIs. Victimisation rates among women ranged from 9.3 to 66.7%; male perpetration ranged from 1.33 to 19.8%. NCCR was often repeated and not always recognised as non-consensual. Conclusion: Recognition of NCCR as a violation of sexual consent remains inconsistent. It poses a serious public health concern and reflects enduring gender equity challenges. Addressing NCCR is essential to protecting the health and rights of women and girls and advancing Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 5, which focus on ensuring healthy lives and achieving gender equality. Journal Article Journal of Applied Bioanalysis 12 1 Green Publication 2405-710X Non-consensual condom removal (NCCR), stealthing, sexual consent, sexual violence, young adults 4 11 2025 2025-11-04 10.53555/jab.v12i1.746 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University Other 2025-12-08T11:20:40.5979436 2025-12-08T11:09:38.2968187 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences School of Psychology MAMTA BEHERA 1 Menna Brown 0000-0003-1427-1648 2 71110__35785__8381776547c5485fb318f89a7607583d.pdf 71110.VoR.pdf 2025-12-08T11:16:38.9347670 Output 651468 application/pdf Version of Record true Released under the terms of a Creative Commons (CC-BY) licence. true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
title Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions, and Practices of Non-Consensual Condom Removal Among Young Adults: A Systematic Review
spellingShingle Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions, and Practices of Non-Consensual Condom Removal Among Young Adults: A Systematic Review
MAMTA BEHERA
Menna Brown
title_short Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions, and Practices of Non-Consensual Condom Removal Among Young Adults: A Systematic Review
title_full Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions, and Practices of Non-Consensual Condom Removal Among Young Adults: A Systematic Review
title_fullStr Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions, and Practices of Non-Consensual Condom Removal Among Young Adults: A Systematic Review
title_full_unstemmed Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions, and Practices of Non-Consensual Condom Removal Among Young Adults: A Systematic Review
title_sort Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions, and Practices of Non-Consensual Condom Removal Among Young Adults: A Systematic Review
author_id_str_mv 1c77904f5ea36fc60eb5ec6639ed5f74
cf3c261a9100f79a3f1d018fa4066595
author_id_fullname_str_mv 1c77904f5ea36fc60eb5ec6639ed5f74_***_MAMTA BEHERA
cf3c261a9100f79a3f1d018fa4066595_***_Menna Brown
author MAMTA BEHERA
Menna Brown
author2 MAMTA BEHERA
Menna Brown
format Journal article
container_title Journal of Applied Bioanalysis
container_volume 12
container_issue 1
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 2405-710X
doi_str_mv 10.53555/jab.v12i1.746
publisher Green Publication
college_str Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str School of Psychology{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Psychology
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description Background: Non-Consensual Condom Removal (NCCR), commonly referred to as “stealthing,” is an emerging yet under-recognised form of sexual violence. Despite growing awareness, it remains poorly understood within legal and policy frameworks. Young adults are particularly vulnerable due to their engagement in casual sexual relationships, socio-cultural exposure, and unequal access to consent education. This review explores how social, cultural, and developmental factors influence young people’s knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and experiences of NCCR across different regions. Methods: This review followed PRISMA guidelines. Three databases were searched: MEDLINE, CINAHL, and APA PsycINFO. Two reviewers independently screened studies, and inter-rater agreement was assessed using Kappa. Methodological quality was appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklists, and data were synthesised using a mixed methods approach. Results: Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Most participants recognised NCCR as morally wrong, but many, especially women in casual relationships, did not recognise it as a violation. Women often viewed NCCR as a betrayal or form of sexual violence, while some men normalised it, particularly in casual contexts. Support for penalties was mixed and more likely when NCCR led to pregnancy or STIs. Victimisation rates among women ranged from 9.3 to 66.7%; male perpetration ranged from 1.33 to 19.8%. NCCR was often repeated and not always recognised as non-consensual. Conclusion: Recognition of NCCR as a violation of sexual consent remains inconsistent. It poses a serious public health concern and reflects enduring gender equity challenges. Addressing NCCR is essential to protecting the health and rights of women and girls and advancing Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 5, which focus on ensuring healthy lives and achieving gender equality.
published_date 2025-11-04T05:28:06Z
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