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Vulnerability of marine megafauna to global at‐sea anthropogenic threats
Michelle VanCompernolle 
,
Juliet Morris ,
Hannah J. Calich ,
Jorge P. Rodríguez ,
Sarah A. Marley ,
Jessica R. Pearce ,
Briana Abrahms ,
Katya Abrantes ,
André S. Afonso ,
Alex Aguilar ,
Andrews Agyekumhene ,
Tomonari Akamatsu ,
Susanne Åkesson ,
Nyimale G. Alawa ,
Joanna Alfaro‐Shigueto ,
R. C. Anderson,
Tycho Anker‐Nilssen ,
Javier A. Arata ,
Gonzalo Araujo ,
Martin C. Arostegui ,
Haritz Arrizabalaga ,
Lucy M. Arrowsmith ,
Marie Auger‐Méthé ,
Isabel C. Avila ,
Fred Bailleul ,
Joanna Barker ,
Dawn R. Barlow ,
Adam Barnett ,
Hector Barrios‐Garrido ,
Alastair M. M. Baylis ,
Giovanni Bearzi ,
Lars Bejder ,
Eduardo J. Belda ,
Scott R. Benson ,
Michael L. Berumen ,
Sophie Bestley ,
Natalia P. A. Bezerra ,
Antonin V. Blaison ,
Lars Boehme ,
Steven J. Bograd ,
Bolaji Dunsin Abimbola ,
Mark E. Bond ,
Asunción Borrell ,
Phil J. Bouchet ,
Peter Boveng ,
Gill Braulik ,
Camrin D. Braun ,
Stephanie Brodie ,
Leandro Bugoni ,
Carlos Bustamante ,
Steven E. Campana ,
Susana Cárdenas‐Alayza ,
Ruth H. Carmichael,
Gemma Carroll ,
Matt I. D. Carter ,
Filipe R. Ceia ,
Salvatore Cerchio ,
Luciana C. Ferreira ,
Philippine Chambault ,
Taylor K. Chapple,
Patricia Charvet ,
Elpis J. Chavez ,
Damien Chevallier ,
Andre Chiaradia ,
B. Louise Chilvers ,
Megan A. Cimino ,
Bethany L. Clark ,
C. R. Clarke ,
Thomas A. Clay ,
Carl S. Cloyed ,
Jesse E. M. Cochran ,
Tim Collins ,
Enric Cortes ,
Eduardo Cuevas ,
David J. Curnick ,
Peter Dann ,
P. J. Nico de Bruyn ,
Asha de Vos ,
Solène Derville ,
Maria P. Dias ,
Bruno Diaz‐Lopez ,
Kara L. Dodge ,
Alistair D. M. Dove ,
Thomas K. Doyle ,
J. Marcus Drymon ,
Christine L. Dudgeon ,
Peter H. Dutton ,
Ursula Ellenberg ,
Simon H. Elwen ,
Louise Emmerson ,
Edem A. Eniang,
Mario Espinoza ,
Nicole Esteban ,
Evert Mul ,
Brian S. Fadely ,
Annette L. Fayet ,
Chris Feare ,
Steven H. Ferguson ,
Laura Joan Feyrer ,
Brittany Finucci ,
Katie R. N. Florko ,
Jorge Fontes ,
C. M. Fortuna ,
Sabrina Fossette ,
Leila Fouda ,
Esteban Frere ,
Mariana M. P. B. Fuentes ,
Austin J. Gallagher ,
Pablo Garcia Borboroglu ,
Claire Garrigue ,
Pauline Gauffier ,
Enrico Gennari ,
Tilen Genov ,
Elitza S. Germanov ,
Joan Giménez ,
Matthew H. Godfrey,
Brendan J. Godley ,
Simon D. Goldsworthy ,
Matthew Gollock,
Victoria González Carman ,
Natasha J. Gownaris ,
W. James Grecian ,
Hector M. Guzman ,
Mark Hamann ,
Neil Hammerschlag ,
Erpur S. Hansen ,
Mike P. Harris ,
Gordon Hastie ,
Danielle E. Haulsee ,
Elliott L. Hazen ,
Mads Peter Heide‐Jørgensen ,
Elizabeth E. Hieb ,
Jeff W. Higdon,
Mark A. Hindell,
Jefferson T. Hinke ,
Xavier Hoenner ,
G. J. Greg Hofmeyr ,
Bonnie J. Holmes ,
Erich Hoyt ,
Luis A. Huckstadt ,
Nigel E. Hussey ,
Charlie Huveneers ,
Lyn G. Irvine ,
Rima W. Jabado ,
David M. P. Jacoby ,
Audrey Jaeger ,
Patrick M. Jagielski ,
Mark Jessopp ,
Oliver J. D. Jewell ,
David Jiménez Alvarado ,
Lance K. B. Jordan,
Salvador J. Jorgensen ,
Benjamin Kahn,
Alexandros A. Karamanlidis ,
Akiko Kato ,
Lucy W. Keith‐Diagne ,
M. S. Kiani,
Jeremy J. Kiszka ,
Alison A. Kock ,
R. Keller Kopf ,
Carey Kuhn ,
Peter M. Kyne ,
Kristin L. Laidre ,
Fernanda O. Lana ,
Michelle E. Lander ,
Matthieu Le Corre,
Olivia A. Lee,
Ruth H. Leeney ,
Alexis L. Levengood ,
J. Jacob Levenson ,
Marcela Libertelli ,
Kwang‐Ming Liu ,
Milagros Lopez Mendilaharsu,
Alexandra Loveridge ,
Christopher G. Lowe ,
Heather J. Lynch ,
Bruno C. L. Macena ,
Alice I. Mackay ,
Jeffry Madrigal‐Mesén ,
Mark L. Mallory ,
Jeffrey C. Mangel ,
Katherine L. Mansfield ,
David March ,
Marianne Marcoux ,
Helene Marsh ,
A. D. Marshall ,
Thomas Mattern ,
Sara M. Maxwell ,
Rebecca L. McGuire,
Lachlan McLeay,
Clive R. McMahon ,
Séverine Methion ,
Eva K. M. Meyers ,
Candice Michelot ,
Cara Masere ,
Gianna Minton ,
Benjamin Morales‐Vela,
Gonzalo Mucientes ,
Hilario Murua ,
M. A. C. Nicoll,
Yuri Niella ,
Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara ,
Steffen Oppel ,
Florian Orgeret ,
Julie N. Oswald ,
Ellie Owen ,
Nathan Pacoureau ,
Vitor H. Paiva ,
Daniel M. Palacios ,
Simone Panigada ,
Yannis P. Papastamatiou ,
Guido J. Parra ,
Sylvia K. Parsons,
Donna L. Patterson‐Fraser,
S. Hoyt Peckham ,
Stephen D. Petersen ,
Lorien Pichegru ,
Simon J. Pierce ,
Tânia Pipa ,
Enrico Pirotta ,
Pierre Pistorius ,
Riley A. Pollom ,
Rui Prieto ,
Laura Prosdocimi ,
Klemens Pütz ,
Nuno Queiroz ,
John L. Quinn ,
Jaime A. Ramos ,
Holly C. Raudino ,
Angela Recalde‐Salas ,
ALan F. Rees ,
Richard D. Reina ,
Ryan R. Reisinger ,
Samantha D. Reynolds ,
Anthony James Richardson ,
Nicholas G. Riddoch ,
Federico G. Riet‐Sapriza ,
James R. Robbins ,
David P. Robinson,
Airam Rodríguez ,
Tracey L. Rogers ,
Christoph A. Rohner ,
Daniela Rojas‐Cañizales ,
Kevin Ruhomaun,
Chandra Salgado Kent ,
Katsufumi Sato ,
Kylie L. Scales ,
Meike Scheidat ,
Gail Schofield,
Fabrizio Serena ,
Edy Setyawan ,
Scott A. Shaffer ,
Brendan D. Shea ,
Laura Shearer ,
Marcus Sheaves ,
Richard B. Sherley ,
George L. Shillinger ,
Takahiro Shimada ,
Mónica A. Silva ,
Gregory Skomal ,
Reyd A. Smith ,
Amy F. Smoothey ,
Alen Soldo ,
Emily J. Southall ,
Antje Steinfurth ,
D. Bruce Stewart ,
Joshua D. Stewart ,
Akinori Takahashi ,
Vikash Tatayah ,
Sam Thalmann,
Jean‐Baptiste Thiebot ,
Jesús Tomás ,
Leigh G. Torres ,
P. N. Trathan ,
Fritz Trillmich ,
Kazuoki Ueda,
Frederic Vandeperre ,
Ralph Eric Thijl Vanstreels ,
Marisa Vedor ,
Stella Villegas‐Amtmann,
Lauren J. Waller ,
Matt Waller ,
Sarah Wanless ,
Kelly Waples ,
Cortney A. Watt ,
Mia Wege ,
Caroline R. Weir ,
Randall S. Wells ,
Paul J. Wensveen ,
Timothy D. White ,
Scott D. Whiting ,
Øystein Wiig ,
Natalie E. Wildermann ,
David N. Wiley ,
Jessica Lauren Williams ,
Rosie S. Williams ,
Kenady Wilson ,
Matthew J. Witt ,
Freya C. Womersley ,
David J. Yurkowski ,
Jie Zhang ,
Daniel P. Costa ,
Carlos M. Duarte ,
Mark G. Meekan ,
Rob Harcourt ,
David W. Sims ,
Graeme C. Hays ,
Charitha Pattiaratchi ,
Víctor M. Eguíluz ,
Ana M. M. Sequeira
,
Juliet Morris ,
Hannah J. Calich ,
Jorge P. Rodríguez ,
Sarah A. Marley ,
Jessica R. Pearce ,
Briana Abrahms ,
Katya Abrantes ,
André S. Afonso ,
Alex Aguilar ,
Andrews Agyekumhene ,
Tomonari Akamatsu ,
Susanne Åkesson ,
Nyimale G. Alawa ,
Joanna Alfaro‐Shigueto ,
R. C. Anderson,
Tycho Anker‐Nilssen ,
Javier A. Arata ,
Gonzalo Araujo ,
Martin C. Arostegui ,
Haritz Arrizabalaga ,
Lucy M. Arrowsmith ,
Marie Auger‐Méthé ,
Isabel C. Avila ,
Fred Bailleul ,
Joanna Barker ,
Dawn R. Barlow ,
Adam Barnett ,
Hector Barrios‐Garrido ,
Alastair M. M. Baylis ,
Giovanni Bearzi ,
Lars Bejder ,
Eduardo J. Belda ,
Scott R. Benson ,
Michael L. Berumen ,
Sophie Bestley ,
Natalia P. A. Bezerra ,
Antonin V. Blaison ,
Lars Boehme ,
Steven J. Bograd ,
Bolaji Dunsin Abimbola ,
Mark E. Bond ,
Asunción Borrell ,
Phil J. Bouchet ,
Peter Boveng ,
Gill Braulik ,
Camrin D. Braun ,
Stephanie Brodie ,
Leandro Bugoni ,
Carlos Bustamante ,
Steven E. Campana ,
Susana Cárdenas‐Alayza ,
Ruth H. Carmichael,
Gemma Carroll ,
Matt I. D. Carter ,
Filipe R. Ceia ,
Salvatore Cerchio ,
Luciana C. Ferreira ,
Philippine Chambault ,
Taylor K. Chapple,
Patricia Charvet ,
Elpis J. Chavez ,
Damien Chevallier ,
Andre Chiaradia ,
B. Louise Chilvers ,
Megan A. Cimino ,
Bethany L. Clark ,
C. R. Clarke ,
Thomas A. Clay ,
Carl S. Cloyed ,
Jesse E. M. Cochran ,
Tim Collins ,
Enric Cortes ,
Eduardo Cuevas ,
David J. Curnick ,
Peter Dann ,
P. J. Nico de Bruyn ,
Asha de Vos ,
Solène Derville ,
Maria P. Dias ,
Bruno Diaz‐Lopez ,
Kara L. Dodge ,
Alistair D. M. Dove ,
Thomas K. Doyle ,
J. Marcus Drymon ,
Christine L. Dudgeon ,
Peter H. Dutton ,
Ursula Ellenberg ,
Simon H. Elwen ,
Louise Emmerson ,
Edem A. Eniang,
Mario Espinoza ,
Nicole Esteban ,
Evert Mul ,
Brian S. Fadely ,
Annette L. Fayet ,
Chris Feare ,
Steven H. Ferguson ,
Laura Joan Feyrer ,
Brittany Finucci ,
Katie R. N. Florko ,
Jorge Fontes ,
C. M. Fortuna ,
Sabrina Fossette ,
Leila Fouda ,
Esteban Frere ,
Mariana M. P. B. Fuentes ,
Austin J. Gallagher ,
Pablo Garcia Borboroglu ,
Claire Garrigue ,
Pauline Gauffier ,
Enrico Gennari ,
Tilen Genov ,
Elitza S. Germanov ,
Joan Giménez ,
Matthew H. Godfrey,
Brendan J. Godley ,
Simon D. Goldsworthy ,
Matthew Gollock,
Victoria González Carman ,
Natasha J. Gownaris ,
W. James Grecian ,
Hector M. Guzman ,
Mark Hamann ,
Neil Hammerschlag ,
Erpur S. Hansen ,
Mike P. Harris ,
Gordon Hastie ,
Danielle E. Haulsee ,
Elliott L. Hazen ,
Mads Peter Heide‐Jørgensen ,
Elizabeth E. Hieb ,
Jeff W. Higdon,
Mark A. Hindell,
Jefferson T. Hinke ,
Xavier Hoenner ,
G. J. Greg Hofmeyr ,
Bonnie J. Holmes ,
Erich Hoyt ,
Luis A. Huckstadt ,
Nigel E. Hussey ,
Charlie Huveneers ,
Lyn G. Irvine ,
Rima W. Jabado ,
David M. P. Jacoby ,
Audrey Jaeger ,
Patrick M. Jagielski ,
Mark Jessopp ,
Oliver J. D. Jewell ,
David Jiménez Alvarado ,
Lance K. B. Jordan,
Salvador J. Jorgensen ,
Benjamin Kahn,
Alexandros A. Karamanlidis ,
Akiko Kato ,
Lucy W. Keith‐Diagne ,
M. S. Kiani,
Jeremy J. Kiszka ,
Alison A. Kock ,
R. Keller Kopf ,
Carey Kuhn ,
Peter M. Kyne ,
Kristin L. Laidre ,
Fernanda O. Lana ,
Michelle E. Lander ,
Matthieu Le Corre,
Olivia A. Lee,
Ruth H. Leeney ,
Alexis L. Levengood ,
J. Jacob Levenson ,
Marcela Libertelli ,
Kwang‐Ming Liu ,
Milagros Lopez Mendilaharsu,
Alexandra Loveridge ,
Christopher G. Lowe ,
Heather J. Lynch ,
Bruno C. L. Macena ,
Alice I. Mackay ,
Jeffry Madrigal‐Mesén ,
Mark L. Mallory ,
Jeffrey C. Mangel ,
Katherine L. Mansfield ,
David March ,
Marianne Marcoux ,
Helene Marsh ,
A. D. Marshall ,
Thomas Mattern ,
Sara M. Maxwell ,
Rebecca L. McGuire,
Lachlan McLeay,
Clive R. McMahon ,
Séverine Methion ,
Eva K. M. Meyers ,
Candice Michelot ,
Cara Masere ,
Gianna Minton ,
Benjamin Morales‐Vela,
Gonzalo Mucientes ,
Hilario Murua ,
M. A. C. Nicoll,
Yuri Niella ,
Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara ,
Steffen Oppel ,
Florian Orgeret ,
Julie N. Oswald ,
Ellie Owen ,
Nathan Pacoureau ,
Vitor H. Paiva ,
Daniel M. Palacios ,
Simone Panigada ,
Yannis P. Papastamatiou ,
Guido J. Parra ,
Sylvia K. Parsons,
Donna L. Patterson‐Fraser,
S. Hoyt Peckham ,
Stephen D. Petersen ,
Lorien Pichegru ,
Simon J. Pierce ,
Tânia Pipa ,
Enrico Pirotta ,
Pierre Pistorius ,
Riley A. Pollom ,
Rui Prieto ,
Laura Prosdocimi ,
Klemens Pütz ,
Nuno Queiroz ,
John L. Quinn ,
Jaime A. Ramos ,
Holly C. Raudino ,
Angela Recalde‐Salas ,
ALan F. Rees ,
Richard D. Reina ,
Ryan R. Reisinger ,
Samantha D. Reynolds ,
Anthony James Richardson ,
Nicholas G. Riddoch ,
Federico G. Riet‐Sapriza ,
James R. Robbins ,
David P. Robinson,
Airam Rodríguez ,
Tracey L. Rogers ,
Christoph A. Rohner ,
Daniela Rojas‐Cañizales ,
Kevin Ruhomaun,
Chandra Salgado Kent ,
Katsufumi Sato ,
Kylie L. Scales ,
Meike Scheidat ,
Gail Schofield,
Fabrizio Serena ,
Edy Setyawan ,
Scott A. Shaffer ,
Brendan D. Shea ,
Laura Shearer ,
Marcus Sheaves ,
Richard B. Sherley ,
George L. Shillinger ,
Takahiro Shimada ,
Mónica A. Silva ,
Gregory Skomal ,
Reyd A. Smith ,
Amy F. Smoothey ,
Alen Soldo ,
Emily J. Southall ,
Antje Steinfurth ,
D. Bruce Stewart ,
Joshua D. Stewart ,
Akinori Takahashi ,
Vikash Tatayah ,
Sam Thalmann,
Jean‐Baptiste Thiebot ,
Jesús Tomás ,
Leigh G. Torres ,
P. N. Trathan ,
Fritz Trillmich ,
Kazuoki Ueda,
Frederic Vandeperre ,
Ralph Eric Thijl Vanstreels ,
Marisa Vedor ,
Stella Villegas‐Amtmann,
Lauren J. Waller ,
Matt Waller ,
Sarah Wanless ,
Kelly Waples ,
Cortney A. Watt ,
Mia Wege ,
Caroline R. Weir ,
Randall S. Wells ,
Paul J. Wensveen ,
Timothy D. White ,
Scott D. Whiting ,
Øystein Wiig ,
Natalie E. Wildermann ,
David N. Wiley ,
Jessica Lauren Williams ,
Rosie S. Williams ,
Kenady Wilson ,
Matthew J. Witt ,
Freya C. Womersley ,
David J. Yurkowski ,
Jie Zhang ,
Daniel P. Costa ,
Carlos M. Duarte ,
Mark G. Meekan ,
Rob Harcourt ,
David W. Sims ,
Graeme C. Hays ,
Charitha Pattiaratchi ,
Víctor M. Eguíluz ,
Ana M. M. Sequeira
Conservation Biology, Volume: 40, Issue: 1, Start page: e70147
Swansea University Author:
Nicole Esteban
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DOI (Published version): 10.1111/cobi.70147
Abstract
Marine megafauna species are affected by a wide range of anthropogenic threats. To evaluate the risk of such threats, species’ vulnerability to each threat must first be determined. We build on the existing threats classification scheme and ranking system of the International Union for Conservation...
| Published in: | Conservation Biology |
|---|---|
| ISSN: | 0888-8892 1523-1739 |
| Published: |
Wiley
2026
|
| Online Access: |
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| URI: | https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa71481 |
| first_indexed |
2026-02-23T13:29:13Z |
|---|---|
| last_indexed |
2026-02-24T05:33:34Z |
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| fullrecord |
<?xml version="1.0"?><rfc1807><datestamp>2026-02-23T13:43:17.8974362</datestamp><bib-version>v2</bib-version><id>71481</id><entry>2026-02-23</entry><title>Vulnerability of marine megafauna to global at‐sea anthropogenic threats</title><swanseaauthors><author><sid>fb2e760b83b4580e7445092982f1f319</sid><ORCID>0000-0003-4693-7221</ORCID><firstname>Nicole</firstname><surname>Esteban</surname><name>Nicole Esteban</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author></swanseaauthors><date>2026-02-23</date><deptcode>BGPS</deptcode><abstract>Marine megafauna species are affected by a wide range of anthropogenic threats. To evaluate the risk of such threats, species’ vulnerability to each threat must first be determined. We build on the existing threats classification scheme and ranking system of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species by assessing the vulnerability of 256 marine megafauna species to 23 at-sea threats. The threats we considered included individual fishing gear types, climate-change-related subthreats not previously assessed, and threats associated with coastal impacts and maritime disturbances. Our ratings resulted in 70 species having high vulnerability (v > 0.778 out of 1) to at least 1 threat, primarily drifting longlines, temperature extremes, or fixed gear. These 3 threats were also considered to have the most severe effects (i.e., steepest population declines). Overall, temperature extremes and plastics and other solid waste were rated as affecting the largest proportion of populations. Penguins, pinnipeds, and polar bears had the highest vulnerability to temperature extremes. Bony fishes had the highest vulnerability to drifting longlines and plastics and other solid waste; pelagic cetaceans to 4 maritime disturbance threats; elasmobranchs to 5 fishing threats; and flying birds to drifting longlines and 2 maritime disturbance threats. Sirenians and turtles had the highest vulnerability to at least one threat from all 4 categories. Despite not necessarily having severe effects for most taxonomic groups, temperature extremes were rated among the top threats for all taxa except bony fishes. The vulnerability scores we provide are an important first step in estimating the risk of threats to marine megafauna. Importantly, they help differentiate scope from severity, which is key to identifying threats that should be prioritized for mitigation.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Conservation Biology</journal><volume>40</volume><journalNumber>1</journalNumber><paginationStart>e70147</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>Wiley</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint>0888-8892</issnPrint><issnElectronic>1523-1739</issnElectronic><keywords>anthropogenic threats, climate change, expert elicitation, fishing, marine megafauna, vulnerability</keywords><publishedDay>1</publishedDay><publishedMonth>2</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2026</publishedYear><publishedDate>2026-02-01</publishedDate><doi>10.1111/cobi.70147</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Biosciences Geography and Physics School</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>BGPS</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm>Another institution paid the OA fee</apcterm><funders>Pew Charitable Trusts; Jock Clough MarineFoundation; C.F. & E.A. Jenkins PostgraduateScholarship; Australian Research Council,Grant/Award Number: DP210103091</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2026-02-23T13:43:17.8974362</lastEdited><Created>2026-02-23T13:26:13.8697909</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Michelle</firstname><surname>VanCompernolle</surname><orcid>0000-0002-8983-0443</orcid><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Juliet</firstname><surname>Morris</surname><orcid>0000-0002-7572-7090</orcid><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Hannah J.</firstname><surname>Calich</surname><orcid>0000-0001-7541-9584</orcid><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Jorge P.</firstname><surname>Rodríguez</surname><orcid>0000-0001-6593-5032</orcid><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Sarah A.</firstname><surname>Marley</surname><orcid>0000-0001-5950-4949</orcid><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Jessica R.</firstname><surname>Pearce</surname><orcid>0000-0003-2353-1149</orcid><order>6</order></author><author><firstname>Briana</firstname><surname>Abrahms</surname><orcid>0000-0003-1987-5045</orcid><order>7</order></author><author><firstname>Katya</firstname><surname>Abrantes</surname><orcid>0000-0001-8648-8817</orcid><order>8</order></author><author><firstname>André S.</firstname><surname>Afonso</surname><orcid>0000-0001-9129-278x</orcid><order>9</order></author><author><firstname>Alex</firstname><surname>Aguilar</surname><orcid>0000-0002-5751-2512</orcid><order>10</order></author><author><firstname>Andrews</firstname><surname>Agyekumhene</surname><orcid>0000-0003-1994-0919</orcid><order>11</order></author><author><firstname>Tomonari</firstname><surname>Akamatsu</surname><orcid>0000-0003-2661-6199</orcid><order>12</order></author><author><firstname>Susanne</firstname><surname>Åkesson</surname><orcid>0000-0001-9039-2180</orcid><order>13</order></author><author><firstname>Nyimale G.</firstname><surname>Alawa</surname><orcid>0000-0003-2499-0726</orcid><order>14</order></author><author><firstname>Joanna</firstname><surname>Alfaro‐Shigueto</surname><orcid>0000-0002-5148-7686</orcid><order>15</order></author><author><firstname>R. C.</firstname><surname>Anderson</surname><order>16</order></author><author><firstname>Tycho</firstname><surname>Anker‐Nilssen</surname><orcid>0000-0002-1030-5524</orcid><order>17</order></author><author><firstname>Javier A.</firstname><surname>Arata</surname><orcid>0000-0001-7320-0511</orcid><order>18</order></author><author><firstname>Gonzalo</firstname><surname>Araujo</surname><orcid>0000-0002-4708-3638</orcid><order>19</order></author><author><firstname>Martin C.</firstname><surname>Arostegui</surname><orcid>0000-0002-9313-9487</orcid><order>20</order></author><author><firstname>Haritz</firstname><surname>Arrizabalaga</surname><orcid>0000-0002-3861-6316</orcid><order>21</order></author><author><firstname>Lucy M.</firstname><surname>Arrowsmith</surname><orcid>0000-0003-4558-6650</orcid><order>22</order></author><author><firstname>Marie</firstname><surname>Auger‐Méthé</surname><orcid>0000-0003-3550-4930</orcid><order>23</order></author><author><firstname>Isabel C.</firstname><surname>Avila</surname><orcid>0000-0003-1389-8908</orcid><order>24</order></author><author><firstname>Fred</firstname><surname>Bailleul</surname><orcid>0000-0002-4186-4708</orcid><order>25</order></author><author><firstname>Joanna</firstname><surname>Barker</surname><orcid>0000-0003-1396-6851</orcid><order>26</order></author><author><firstname>Dawn R.</firstname><surname>Barlow</surname><orcid>0000-0001-6102-5058</orcid><order>27</order></author><author><firstname>Adam</firstname><surname>Barnett</surname><orcid>0000-0001-7430-8428</orcid><order>28</order></author><author><firstname>Hector</firstname><surname>Barrios‐Garrido</surname><orcid>0000-0002-7027-2656</orcid><order>29</order></author><author><firstname>Alastair M. M.</firstname><surname>Baylis</surname><orcid>0000-0002-5167-0472</orcid><order>30</order></author><author><firstname>Giovanni</firstname><surname>Bearzi</surname><orcid>0000-0001-6633-3324</orcid><order>31</order></author><author><firstname>Lars</firstname><surname>Bejder</surname><orcid>0000-0001-8138-8606</orcid><order>32</order></author><author><firstname>Eduardo J.</firstname><surname>Belda</surname><orcid>0000-0003-1995-1271</orcid><order>33</order></author><author><firstname>Scott R.</firstname><surname>Benson</surname><orcid>0000-0003-3829-2355</orcid><order>34</order></author><author><firstname>Michael L.</firstname><surname>Berumen</surname><orcid>0000-0003-2463-2742</orcid><order>35</order></author><author><firstname>Sophie</firstname><surname>Bestley</surname><orcid>0000-0001-9342-669x</orcid><order>36</order></author><author><firstname>Natalia P. 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Louise</firstname><surname>Chilvers</surname><orcid>0000-0002-7657-4217</orcid><order>65</order></author><author><firstname>Megan A.</firstname><surname>Cimino</surname><orcid>0000-0002-1715-2903</orcid><order>66</order></author><author><firstname>Bethany L.</firstname><surname>Clark</surname><orcid>0000-0001-5803-7744</orcid><order>67</order></author><author><firstname>C. R.</firstname><surname>Clarke</surname><orcid>0000-0002-9401-4491</orcid><order>68</order></author><author><firstname>Thomas A.</firstname><surname>Clay</surname><orcid>0000-0002-0644-6105</orcid><order>69</order></author><author><firstname>Carl S.</firstname><surname>Cloyed</surname><orcid>0000-0001-6321-5808</orcid><order>70</order></author><author><firstname>Jesse E. 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2026-02-23T13:43:17.8974362 v2 71481 2026-02-23 Vulnerability of marine megafauna to global at‐sea anthropogenic threats fb2e760b83b4580e7445092982f1f319 0000-0003-4693-7221 Nicole Esteban Nicole Esteban true false 2026-02-23 BGPS Marine megafauna species are affected by a wide range of anthropogenic threats. To evaluate the risk of such threats, species’ vulnerability to each threat must first be determined. We build on the existing threats classification scheme and ranking system of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species by assessing the vulnerability of 256 marine megafauna species to 23 at-sea threats. The threats we considered included individual fishing gear types, climate-change-related subthreats not previously assessed, and threats associated with coastal impacts and maritime disturbances. Our ratings resulted in 70 species having high vulnerability (v > 0.778 out of 1) to at least 1 threat, primarily drifting longlines, temperature extremes, or fixed gear. These 3 threats were also considered to have the most severe effects (i.e., steepest population declines). Overall, temperature extremes and plastics and other solid waste were rated as affecting the largest proportion of populations. Penguins, pinnipeds, and polar bears had the highest vulnerability to temperature extremes. Bony fishes had the highest vulnerability to drifting longlines and plastics and other solid waste; pelagic cetaceans to 4 maritime disturbance threats; elasmobranchs to 5 fishing threats; and flying birds to drifting longlines and 2 maritime disturbance threats. Sirenians and turtles had the highest vulnerability to at least one threat from all 4 categories. Despite not necessarily having severe effects for most taxonomic groups, temperature extremes were rated among the top threats for all taxa except bony fishes. The vulnerability scores we provide are an important first step in estimating the risk of threats to marine megafauna. Importantly, they help differentiate scope from severity, which is key to identifying threats that should be prioritized for mitigation. Journal Article Conservation Biology 40 1 e70147 Wiley 0888-8892 1523-1739 anthropogenic threats, climate change, expert elicitation, fishing, marine megafauna, vulnerability 1 2 2026 2026-02-01 10.1111/cobi.70147 COLLEGE NANME Biosciences Geography and Physics School COLLEGE CODE BGPS Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee Pew Charitable Trusts; Jock Clough MarineFoundation; C.F. & E.A. Jenkins PostgraduateScholarship; Australian Research Council,Grant/Award Number: DP210103091 2026-02-23T13:43:17.8974362 2026-02-23T13:26:13.8697909 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences Michelle VanCompernolle 0000-0002-8983-0443 1 Juliet Morris 0000-0002-7572-7090 2 Hannah J. Calich 0000-0001-7541-9584 3 Jorge P. Rodríguez 0000-0001-6593-5032 4 Sarah A. Marley 0000-0001-5950-4949 5 Jessica R. Pearce 0000-0003-2353-1149 6 Briana Abrahms 0000-0003-1987-5045 7 Katya Abrantes 0000-0001-8648-8817 8 André S. Afonso 0000-0001-9129-278x 9 Alex Aguilar 0000-0002-5751-2512 10 Andrews Agyekumhene 0000-0003-1994-0919 11 Tomonari Akamatsu 0000-0003-2661-6199 12 Susanne Åkesson 0000-0001-9039-2180 13 Nyimale G. Alawa 0000-0003-2499-0726 14 Joanna Alfaro‐Shigueto 0000-0002-5148-7686 15 R. C. Anderson 16 Tycho Anker‐Nilssen 0000-0002-1030-5524 17 Javier A. Arata 0000-0001-7320-0511 18 Gonzalo Araujo 0000-0002-4708-3638 19 Martin C. Arostegui 0000-0002-9313-9487 20 Haritz Arrizabalaga 0000-0002-3861-6316 21 Lucy M. Arrowsmith 0000-0003-4558-6650 22 Marie Auger‐Méthé 0000-0003-3550-4930 23 Isabel C. Avila 0000-0003-1389-8908 24 Fred Bailleul 0000-0002-4186-4708 25 Joanna Barker 0000-0003-1396-6851 26 Dawn R. Barlow 0000-0001-6102-5058 27 Adam Barnett 0000-0001-7430-8428 28 Hector Barrios‐Garrido 0000-0002-7027-2656 29 Alastair M. M. Baylis 0000-0002-5167-0472 30 Giovanni Bearzi 0000-0001-6633-3324 31 Lars Bejder 0000-0001-8138-8606 32 Eduardo J. Belda 0000-0003-1995-1271 33 Scott R. Benson 0000-0003-3829-2355 34 Michael L. Berumen 0000-0003-2463-2742 35 Sophie Bestley 0000-0001-9342-669x 36 Natalia P. A. Bezerra 0000-0002-4203-8408 37 Antonin V. Blaison 0000-0003-0840-5961 38 Lars Boehme 0000-0003-3513-6816 39 Steven J. Bograd 0000-0003-3872-9932 40 Bolaji Dunsin Abimbola 0000-0002-2376-1684 41 Mark E. Bond 0000-0001-5261-5152 42 Asunción Borrell 0000-0002-6714-0724 43 Phil J. Bouchet 0000-0002-2144-2049 44 Peter Boveng 0000-0003-2732-4833 45 Gill Braulik 0000-0001-8919-4187 46 Camrin D. Braun 0000-0002-9317-9489 47 Stephanie Brodie 0000-0003-0869-9939 48 Leandro Bugoni 0000-0003-0689-7026 49 Carlos Bustamante 0000-0002-0816-6406 50 Steven E. Campana 0000-0002-7453-3761 51 Susana Cárdenas‐Alayza 0000-0002-8828-9552 52 Ruth H. Carmichael 53 Gemma Carroll 0000-0001-7776-0946 54 Matt I. D. Carter 0000-0002-5481-6254 55 Filipe R. Ceia 0000-0002-5470-5183 56 Salvatore Cerchio 0000-0001-5880-5969 57 Luciana C. Ferreira 0000-0001-6755-2799 58 Philippine Chambault 0000-0003-4054-6334 59 Taylor K. Chapple 60 Patricia Charvet 0000-0002-8801-433x 61 Elpis J. Chavez 0000-0003-1549-5563 62 Damien Chevallier 0000-0002-2232-6787 63 Andre Chiaradia 0000-0002-6178-4211 64 B. Louise Chilvers 0000-0002-7657-4217 65 Megan A. Cimino 0000-0002-1715-2903 66 Bethany L. Clark 0000-0001-5803-7744 67 C. R. Clarke 0000-0002-9401-4491 68 Thomas A. Clay 0000-0002-0644-6105 69 Carl S. Cloyed 0000-0001-6321-5808 70 Jesse E. M. Cochran 0000-0002-6027-5052 71 Tim Collins 0000-0002-7124-4876 72 Enric Cortes 0000-0001-6001-2482 73 Eduardo Cuevas 0000-0003-3814-7211 74 David J. Curnick 0000-0002-3093-1282 75 Peter Dann 0000-0002-3044-701x 76 P. J. Nico de Bruyn 0000-0002-9114-9569 77 Asha de Vos 0000-0003-3332-8232 78 Solène Derville 0000-0002-0380-7921 79 Maria P. Dias 0000-0002-7281-4391 80 Bruno Diaz‐Lopez 0000-0002-0388-3289 81 Kara L. Dodge 0000-0001-9181-0698 82 Alistair D. M. Dove 0000-0003-3239-4772 83 Thomas K. Doyle 0000-0003-1616-5590 84 J. Marcus Drymon 0000-0002-2104-004x 85 Christine L. Dudgeon 0000-0001-5059-7886 86 Peter H. Dutton 0000-0002-6628-8962 87 Ursula Ellenberg 0000-0002-3100-6742 88 Simon H. Elwen 0000-0002-7467-6121 89 Louise Emmerson 0000-0001-7336-0961 90 Edem A. Eniang 91 Mario Espinoza 0000-0002-8355-2411 92 Nicole Esteban 0000-0003-4693-7221 93 Evert Mul 0000-0001-7297-8081 94 Brian S. Fadely 0000-0002-9172-1887 95 Annette L. Fayet 0000-0001-6373-0500 96 Chris Feare 0000-0002-0702-2056 97 Steven H. Ferguson 0000-0002-3794-0122 98 Laura Joan Feyrer 0000-0002-9300-1947 99 Brittany Finucci 0000-0003-1315-2946 100 Katie R. N. Florko 0000-0003-3829-7447 101 Jorge Fontes 0000-0003-3567-2731 102 C. M. Fortuna 0000-0003-3036-5337 103 Sabrina Fossette 0000-0001-8580-9084 104 Leila Fouda 0000-0002-0723-3697 105 Esteban Frere 0000-0001-9435-5440 106 Mariana M. P. B. Fuentes 0000-0002-2789-824x 107 Austin J. Gallagher 0000-0003-1515-3440 108 Pablo Garcia Borboroglu 0000-0002-9031-5561 109 Claire Garrigue 0000-0002-8117-3370 110 Pauline Gauffier 0000-0003-2984-6993 111 Enrico Gennari 0000-0002-4334-727x 112 Tilen Genov 0000-0003-4814-8891 113 Elitza S. Germanov 0000-0002-8797-4451 114 Joan Giménez 0000-0001-9207-4792 115 Matthew H. Godfrey 116 Brendan J. Godley 0000-0003-3845-0034 117 Simon D. Goldsworthy 0000-0003-4988-9085 118 Matthew Gollock 119 Victoria González Carman 0000-0002-6603-1753 120 Natasha J. Gownaris 0000-0003-4963-1447 121 W. James Grecian 0000-0002-6428-719x 122 Hector M. Guzman 0000-0001-9928-8523 123 Mark Hamann 0000-0003-4588-7955 124 Neil Hammerschlag 0000-0001-9002-9082 125 Erpur S. Hansen 0000-0001-6899-2817 126 Mike P. Harris 0000-0002-9559-5830 127 Gordon Hastie 0000-0002-9773-2755 128 Danielle E. Haulsee 0000-0003-0691-0278 129 Elliott L. Hazen 0000-0002-0412-7178 130 Mads Peter Heide‐Jørgensen 0000-0003-4846-7622 131 Elizabeth E. Hieb 0000-0003-0255-0332 132 Jeff W. Higdon 133 Mark A. Hindell 134 Jefferson T. Hinke 0000-0002-3600-1414 135 Xavier Hoenner 0000-0001-5811-1166 136 G. J. Greg Hofmeyr 0000-0003-0283-6058 137 Bonnie J. Holmes 0000-0002-8559-9950 138 Erich Hoyt 0000-0001-6946-4055 139 Luis A. Huckstadt 0000-0002-2453-7350 140 Nigel E. Hussey 0000-0002-9050-6077 141 Charlie Huveneers 0000-0001-8937-1358 142 Lyn G. Irvine 0000-0001-9389-5402 143 Rima W. Jabado 0000-0001-6239-6723 144 David M. P. Jacoby 0000-0003-2729-3811 145 Audrey Jaeger 0000-0002-5649-0315 146 Patrick M. Jagielski 0000-0003-4539-7905 147 Mark Jessopp 0000-0002-2692-3730 148 Oliver J. D. Jewell 0000-0001-7680-8960 149 David Jiménez Alvarado 0000-0002-7164-8125 150 Lance K. B. Jordan 151 Salvador J. Jorgensen 0000-0002-4331-1648 152 Benjamin Kahn 153 Alexandros A. Karamanlidis 0000-0003-0943-1619 154 Akiko Kato 0000-0002-8947-3634 155 Lucy W. Keith‐Diagne 0000-0003-0275-7966 156 M. S. Kiani 157 Jeremy J. Kiszka 0000-0003-1095-8979 158 Alison A. Kock 0000-0001-9981-1652 159 R. Keller Kopf 0000-0001-5780-0074 160 Carey Kuhn 0000-0002-6835-9744 161 Peter M. Kyne 0000-0003-4494-2625 162 Kristin L. Laidre 0000-0002-2787-650x 163 Fernanda O. Lana 0000-0001-7235-069x 164 Michelle E. Lander 0000-0003-3491-0881 165 Matthieu Le Corre 166 Olivia A. Lee 167 Ruth H. Leeney 0000-0002-9763-9868 168 Alexis L. Levengood 0000-0003-2729-5366 169 J. Jacob Levenson 0000-0002-7169-2775 170 Marcela Libertelli 0000-0002-9642-4849 171 Kwang‐Ming Liu 0000-0003-2753-7660 172 Milagros Lopez Mendilaharsu 173 Alexandra Loveridge 0000-0003-2651-4870 174 Christopher G. Lowe 0000-0001-9389-8208 175 Heather J. Lynch 0000-0002-9026-1612 176 Bruno C. L. Macena 0000-0001-5010-8560 177 Alice I. Mackay 0000-0002-2837-3760 178 Jeffry Madrigal‐Mesén 0000-0002-2377-1946 179 Mark L. Mallory 0000-0003-2744-3437 180 Jeffrey C. Mangel 0000-0002-9371-8606 181 Katherine L. Mansfield 0000-0002-6568-2861 182 David March 0000-0002-6118-761x 183 Marianne Marcoux 0009-0007-8867-3814 184 Helene Marsh 0000-0003-3492-4992 185 A. D. Marshall 0000-0003-1886-5355 186 Thomas Mattern 0000-0003-0745-8180 187 Sara M. Maxwell 0000-0002-4425-9378 188 Rebecca L. McGuire 189 Lachlan McLeay 190 Clive R. McMahon 0000-0001-5241-8917 191 Séverine Methion 0000-0002-9348-2592 192 Eva K. M. Meyers 0000-0002-0303-1422 193 Candice Michelot 0000-0001-7742-7174 194 Cara Masere 0000-0002-6642-918x 195 Gianna Minton 0000-0003-4284-2540 196 Benjamin Morales‐Vela 197 Gonzalo Mucientes 0000-0001-6650-3020 198 Hilario Murua 0000-0001-8577-5291 199 M. A. C. Nicoll 200 Yuri Niella 0000-0003-1878-6091 201 Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara 0000-0003-0353-617x 202 Steffen Oppel 0000-0002-8220-3789 203 Florian Orgeret 0000-0002-1940-7797 204 Julie N. Oswald 0000-0002-1524-9592 205 Ellie Owen 0000-0003-2073-2420 206 Nathan Pacoureau 0000-0002-8363-6332 207 Vitor H. Paiva 0000-0001-6368-9579 208 Daniel M. Palacios 0000-0001-7069-7913 209 Simone Panigada 0000-0003-0856-1227 210 Yannis P. Papastamatiou 0000-0002-6091-6841 211 Guido J. Parra 0000-0002-1284-4898 212 Sylvia K. Parsons 213 Donna L. Patterson‐Fraser 214 S. Hoyt Peckham 0000-0001-9108-1333 215 Stephen D. Petersen 0000-0002-3929-809x 216 Lorien Pichegru 0000-0003-3815-9845 217 Simon J. 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Rohner 0000-0001-8760-8972 242 Daniela Rojas‐Cañizales 0000-0001-5439-5835 243 Kevin Ruhomaun 244 Chandra Salgado Kent 0000-0002-3460-609x 245 Katsufumi Sato 0000-0002-7557-4784 246 Kylie L. Scales 0000-0003-0843-0956 247 Meike Scheidat 0000-0001-9702-6490 248 Gail Schofield 249 Fabrizio Serena 0000-0003-1428-8124 250 Edy Setyawan 0000-0001-6629-5997 251 Scott A. Shaffer 0000-0002-7751-5059 252 Brendan D. Shea 0000-0001-7771-0586 253 Laura Shearer 0000-0002-9928-0270 254 Marcus Sheaves 0000-0003-0662-3439 255 Richard B. Sherley 0000-0001-7367-9315 256 George L. Shillinger 0000-0001-5168-4551 257 Takahiro Shimada 0000-0002-3364-5169 258 Mónica A. Silva 0000-0002-2683-309x 259 Gregory Skomal 0000-0003-4341-453x 260 Reyd A. Smith 0000-0002-8616-6612 261 Amy F. Smoothey 0000-0001-8271-686x 262 Alen Soldo 0000-0002-0748-7558 263 Emily J. Southall 0000-0001-7246-278x 264 Antje Steinfurth 0000-0002-9512-5425 265 D. Bruce Stewart 0000-0001-9487-243x 266 Joshua D. Stewart 0000-0001-6851-2289 267 Akinori Takahashi 0000-0002-9868-0408 268 Vikash Tatayah 0000-0003-0759-254x 269 Sam Thalmann 270 Jean‐Baptiste Thiebot 0000-0002-4028-1228 271 Jesús Tomás 0000-0003-0120-7006 272 Leigh G. Torres 0000-0002-2643-3950 273 P. N. Trathan 0000-0001-6673-9930 274 Fritz Trillmich 0000-0003-4816-1156 275 Kazuoki Ueda 276 Frederic Vandeperre 0000-0002-3947-6917 277 Ralph Eric Thijl Vanstreels 0000-0003-2359-4828 278 Marisa Vedor 0000-0001-7336-3732 279 Stella Villegas‐Amtmann 280 Lauren J. Waller 0000-0001-5263-1646 281 Matt Waller 0000-0001-9839-3452 282 Sarah Wanless 0000-0002-2788-4606 283 Kelly Waples 0000-0002-4215-0387 284 Cortney A. Watt 0000-0003-4062-5729 285 Mia Wege 0000-0002-9022-3069 286 Caroline R. Weir 0000-0002-2052-5037 287 Randall S. Wells 0000-0001-9793-4181 288 Paul J. Wensveen 0000-0002-9894-2543 289 Timothy D. White 0000-0001-8711-7698 290 Scott D. Whiting 0000-0003-3339-9559 291 Øystein Wiig 0000-0003-0395-5251 292 Natalie E. Wildermann 0000-0002-0317-6832 293 David N. Wiley 0000-0001-5490-8645 294 Jessica Lauren Williams 0000-0002-7544-3370 295 Rosie S. Williams 0000-0003-1801-8092 296 Kenady Wilson 0000-0001-5921-2145 297 Matthew J. Witt 0000-0002-9498-5378 298 Freya C. Womersley 0000-0002-7962-5665 299 David J. Yurkowski 0000-0003-2264-167x 300 Jie Zhang 0000-0001-8186-035x 301 Daniel P. Costa 0000-0002-0233-5782 302 Carlos M. Duarte 0000-0002-1213-1361 303 Mark G. Meekan 0000-0002-3067-9427 304 Rob Harcourt 0000-0003-4666-2934 305 David W. Sims 0000-0002-0916-7363 306 Graeme C. Hays 0000-0002-3314-8189 307 Charitha Pattiaratchi 0000-0003-2229-6183 308 Víctor M. Eguíluz 0000-0003-1133-1289 309 Ana M. M. Sequeira 0000-0001-6906-799x 310 71481__36282__09fbf931eb3f440cbebd87f004e22960.pdf 71481.VoR.pdf 2026-02-23T13:29:56.3444118 Output 3909128 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License. true Eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ |
| title |
Vulnerability of marine megafauna to global at‐sea anthropogenic threats |
| spellingShingle |
Vulnerability of marine megafauna to global at‐sea anthropogenic threats Nicole Esteban |
| title_short |
Vulnerability of marine megafauna to global at‐sea anthropogenic threats |
| title_full |
Vulnerability of marine megafauna to global at‐sea anthropogenic threats |
| title_fullStr |
Vulnerability of marine megafauna to global at‐sea anthropogenic threats |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Vulnerability of marine megafauna to global at‐sea anthropogenic threats |
| title_sort |
Vulnerability of marine megafauna to global at‐sea anthropogenic threats |
| author_id_str_mv |
fb2e760b83b4580e7445092982f1f319 |
| author_id_fullname_str_mv |
fb2e760b83b4580e7445092982f1f319_***_Nicole Esteban |
| author |
Nicole Esteban |
| author2 |
Michelle VanCompernolle Juliet Morris Hannah J. Calich Jorge P. Rodríguez Sarah A. Marley Jessica R. Pearce Briana Abrahms Katya Abrantes André S. Afonso Alex Aguilar Andrews Agyekumhene Tomonari Akamatsu Susanne Åkesson Nyimale G. Alawa Joanna Alfaro‐Shigueto R. C. Anderson Tycho Anker‐Nilssen Javier A. Arata Gonzalo Araujo Martin C. Arostegui Haritz Arrizabalaga Lucy M. Arrowsmith Marie Auger‐Méthé Isabel C. Avila Fred Bailleul Joanna Barker Dawn R. Barlow Adam Barnett Hector Barrios‐Garrido Alastair M. M. Baylis Giovanni Bearzi Lars Bejder Eduardo J. Belda Scott R. Benson Michael L. Berumen Sophie Bestley Natalia P. A. Bezerra Antonin V. Blaison Lars Boehme Steven J. Bograd Bolaji Dunsin Abimbola Mark E. Bond Asunción Borrell Phil J. Bouchet Peter Boveng Gill Braulik Camrin D. Braun Stephanie Brodie Leandro Bugoni Carlos Bustamante Steven E. Campana Susana Cárdenas‐Alayza Ruth H. Carmichael Gemma Carroll Matt I. D. Carter Filipe R. Ceia Salvatore Cerchio Luciana C. Ferreira Philippine Chambault Taylor K. Chapple Patricia Charvet Elpis J. Chavez Damien Chevallier Andre Chiaradia B. Louise Chilvers Megan A. Cimino Bethany L. Clark C. R. Clarke Thomas A. Clay Carl S. Cloyed Jesse E. M. Cochran Tim Collins Enric Cortes Eduardo Cuevas David J. Curnick Peter Dann P. J. Nico de Bruyn Asha de Vos Solène Derville Maria P. Dias Bruno Diaz‐Lopez Kara L. Dodge Alistair D. M. Dove Thomas K. Doyle J. Marcus Drymon Christine L. Dudgeon Peter H. Dutton Ursula Ellenberg Simon H. Elwen Louise Emmerson Edem A. Eniang Mario Espinoza Nicole Esteban Evert Mul Brian S. Fadely Annette L. Fayet Chris Feare Steven H. Ferguson Laura Joan Feyrer Brittany Finucci Katie R. N. Florko Jorge Fontes C. M. Fortuna Sabrina Fossette Leila Fouda Esteban Frere Mariana M. P. B. Fuentes Austin J. Gallagher Pablo Garcia Borboroglu Claire Garrigue Pauline Gauffier Enrico Gennari Tilen Genov Elitza S. Germanov Joan Giménez Matthew H. Godfrey Brendan J. Godley Simon D. Goldsworthy Matthew Gollock Victoria González Carman Natasha J. Gownaris W. James Grecian Hector M. Guzman Mark Hamann Neil Hammerschlag Erpur S. Hansen Mike P. Harris Gordon Hastie Danielle E. Haulsee Elliott L. Hazen Mads Peter Heide‐Jørgensen Elizabeth E. Hieb Jeff W. Higdon Mark A. Hindell Jefferson T. Hinke Xavier Hoenner G. J. Greg Hofmeyr Bonnie J. Holmes Erich Hoyt Luis A. Huckstadt Nigel E. Hussey Charlie Huveneers Lyn G. Irvine Rima W. Jabado David M. P. Jacoby Audrey Jaeger Patrick M. Jagielski Mark Jessopp Oliver J. D. Jewell David Jiménez Alvarado Lance K. B. Jordan Salvador J. Jorgensen Benjamin Kahn Alexandros A. Karamanlidis Akiko Kato Lucy W. Keith‐Diagne M. S. Kiani Jeremy J. Kiszka Alison A. Kock R. Keller Kopf Carey Kuhn Peter M. Kyne Kristin L. Laidre Fernanda O. Lana Michelle E. Lander Matthieu Le Corre Olivia A. Lee Ruth H. Leeney Alexis L. Levengood J. Jacob Levenson Marcela Libertelli Kwang‐Ming Liu Milagros Lopez Mendilaharsu Alexandra Loveridge Christopher G. Lowe Heather J. Lynch Bruno C. L. Macena Alice I. Mackay Jeffry Madrigal‐Mesén Mark L. Mallory Jeffrey C. Mangel Katherine L. Mansfield David March Marianne Marcoux Helene Marsh A. D. Marshall Thomas Mattern Sara M. Maxwell Rebecca L. McGuire Lachlan McLeay Clive R. McMahon Séverine Methion Eva K. M. Meyers Candice Michelot Cara Masere Gianna Minton Benjamin Morales‐Vela Gonzalo Mucientes Hilario Murua M. A. C. Nicoll Yuri Niella Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara Steffen Oppel Florian Orgeret Julie N. Oswald Ellie Owen Nathan Pacoureau Vitor H. Paiva Daniel M. Palacios Simone Panigada Yannis P. Papastamatiou Guido J. Parra Sylvia K. Parsons Donna L. Patterson‐Fraser S. Hoyt Peckham Stephen D. Petersen Lorien Pichegru Simon J. Pierce Tânia Pipa Enrico Pirotta Pierre Pistorius Riley A. Pollom Rui Prieto Laura Prosdocimi Klemens Pütz Nuno Queiroz John L. Quinn Jaime A. Ramos Holly C. Raudino Angela Recalde‐Salas ALan F. Rees Richard D. Reina Ryan R. Reisinger Samantha D. Reynolds Anthony James Richardson Nicholas G. Riddoch Federico G. Riet‐Sapriza James R. Robbins David P. Robinson Airam Rodríguez Tracey L. Rogers Christoph A. Rohner Daniela Rojas‐Cañizales Kevin Ruhomaun Chandra Salgado Kent Katsufumi Sato Kylie L. Scales Meike Scheidat Gail Schofield Fabrizio Serena Edy Setyawan Scott A. Shaffer Brendan D. Shea Laura Shearer Marcus Sheaves Richard B. Sherley George L. Shillinger Takahiro Shimada Mónica A. Silva Gregory Skomal Reyd A. Smith Amy F. Smoothey Alen Soldo Emily J. Southall Antje Steinfurth D. Bruce Stewart Joshua D. Stewart Akinori Takahashi Vikash Tatayah Sam Thalmann Jean‐Baptiste Thiebot Jesús Tomás Leigh G. Torres P. N. Trathan Fritz Trillmich Kazuoki Ueda Frederic Vandeperre Ralph Eric Thijl Vanstreels Marisa Vedor Stella Villegas‐Amtmann Lauren J. Waller Matt Waller Sarah Wanless Kelly Waples Cortney A. Watt Mia Wege Caroline R. Weir Randall S. Wells Paul J. Wensveen Timothy D. White Scott D. Whiting Øystein Wiig Natalie E. Wildermann David N. Wiley Jessica Lauren Williams Rosie S. Williams Kenady Wilson Matthew J. Witt Freya C. Womersley David J. Yurkowski Jie Zhang Daniel P. Costa Carlos M. Duarte Mark G. Meekan Rob Harcourt David W. Sims Graeme C. Hays Charitha Pattiaratchi Víctor M. Eguíluz Ana M. M. Sequeira |
| format |
Journal article |
| container_title |
Conservation Biology |
| container_volume |
40 |
| container_issue |
1 |
| container_start_page |
e70147 |
| publishDate |
2026 |
| institution |
Swansea University |
| issn |
0888-8892 1523-1739 |
| doi_str_mv |
10.1111/cobi.70147 |
| publisher |
Wiley |
| college_str |
Faculty of Science and Engineering |
| hierarchytype |
|
| hierarchy_top_id |
facultyofscienceandengineering |
| hierarchy_top_title |
Faculty of Science and Engineering |
| hierarchy_parent_id |
facultyofscienceandengineering |
| hierarchy_parent_title |
Faculty of Science and Engineering |
| department_str |
School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences |
| document_store_str |
1 |
| active_str |
0 |
| description |
Marine megafauna species are affected by a wide range of anthropogenic threats. To evaluate the risk of such threats, species’ vulnerability to each threat must first be determined. We build on the existing threats classification scheme and ranking system of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species by assessing the vulnerability of 256 marine megafauna species to 23 at-sea threats. The threats we considered included individual fishing gear types, climate-change-related subthreats not previously assessed, and threats associated with coastal impacts and maritime disturbances. Our ratings resulted in 70 species having high vulnerability (v > 0.778 out of 1) to at least 1 threat, primarily drifting longlines, temperature extremes, or fixed gear. These 3 threats were also considered to have the most severe effects (i.e., steepest population declines). Overall, temperature extremes and plastics and other solid waste were rated as affecting the largest proportion of populations. Penguins, pinnipeds, and polar bears had the highest vulnerability to temperature extremes. Bony fishes had the highest vulnerability to drifting longlines and plastics and other solid waste; pelagic cetaceans to 4 maritime disturbance threats; elasmobranchs to 5 fishing threats; and flying birds to drifting longlines and 2 maritime disturbance threats. Sirenians and turtles had the highest vulnerability to at least one threat from all 4 categories. Despite not necessarily having severe effects for most taxonomic groups, temperature extremes were rated among the top threats for all taxa except bony fishes. The vulnerability scores we provide are an important first step in estimating the risk of threats to marine megafauna. Importantly, they help differentiate scope from severity, which is key to identifying threats that should be prioritized for mitigation. |
| published_date |
2026-02-01T05:37:35Z |
| _version_ |
1858165020685238272 |
| score |
11.098395 |