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The effects of recrystallisation on the fatigue and corrosion properties of LB-PBF stainless steel 316L

Charlie Bevan, Thomas Jones, AMAR MALLA, James Sullivan Orcid Logo, David Penney Orcid Logo, Robert Lancaster Orcid Logo

Materials and Design, Volume: 264

Swansea University Authors: Charlie Bevan, AMAR MALLA, James Sullivan Orcid Logo, David Penney Orcid Logo, Robert Lancaster Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115768

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of post-build heat treatments (HTs) on the microstructural evolution, mechanical performance, and corrosion resistance of laser beam powder bed fusion (LB-PBF) stainless steel 316 L. Samples built in vertical and horizontal orientations were subjected to three H...

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Published in: Materials and Design
ISSN: 0264-1275
Published: Elsevier BV 2026
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa71568
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Samples built in vertical and horizontal orientations were subjected to three HT conditions (1050, 1150, and 1200 &#xB0;C), enabling analysis of recrystallisation behaviour, grain morphology, and the mitigation of anisotropy. Tensile, low-cycle fatigue (LCF), and fatigue crack growth (FCG) testing revealed that full recrystallisation occurred at &#x2265; 1150 &#xB0;C, reducing orientation-dependent discrepancies in strength and ductility. Despite improved isotropy, LCF testing demonstrated residual anisotropy, with samples built in the vertical orientation consistently outperforming those built in the horizontal orientation. Samples heat treated at 1050 &#xB0;C retained a fine, columnar grain structure, resulting in superior resistance to crack growth due to increased yield strength and grain boundary density. In contrast, samples heat treated at 1150 and 1200 &#xB0;C exhibited coarser, equiaxed grains with diminished fatigue crack resistance. Cyclic polarisation testing showed recrystallisation at the higher temperatures induced positive changes in corrosion performance, substantially increasing pitting potential compared to un-recrystallised microstructures, as found at 1050 &#xB0;C. The findings highlight the trade-offs between strength, ductility, and fatigue resistance as a function of microstructure, offering insight into optimising HT protocols for LB-PBF SS316L components in fatigue-critical applications.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Materials and Design</journal><volume>264</volume><journalNumber/><paginationStart/><paginationEnd/><publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint>0264-1275</issnPrint><issnElectronic/><keywords>Stainless steel 316L; Laser beam powder bed fusion; Recrystallisation; Mechanical properties; Corrosion resistance</keywords><publishedDay>1</publishedDay><publishedMonth>4</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2026</publishedYear><publishedDate>2026-04-01</publishedDate><doi>10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115768</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm>Other</apcterm><funders>The current research was exclusively funded by Rolls-Royce plc.</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2026-04-24T13:04:11.5706656</lastEdited><Created>2026-03-06T08:41:39.6200111</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Charlie</firstname><surname>Bevan</surname><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Thomas</firstname><surname>Jones</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>AMAR</firstname><surname>MALLA</surname><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>James</firstname><surname>Sullivan</surname><orcid>0000-0003-1018-773X</orcid><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>David</firstname><surname>Penney</surname><orcid>0000-0002-8942-8067</orcid><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Robert</firstname><surname>Lancaster</surname><orcid>0000-0002-1365-6944</orcid><order>6</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>71568__36551__efac6ad15b314d72bb49fc3e991053d9.pdf</filename><originalFilename>71568.VoR.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2026-04-22T14:43:31.6646621</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>24251838</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><documentNotes>&#xA9; 2026 The Author(s). 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spelling 2026-04-24T13:04:11.5706656 v2 71568 2026-03-06 The effects of recrystallisation on the fatigue and corrosion properties of LB-PBF stainless steel 316L 7b3533a3faccf17f97a317d898de0880 Charlie Bevan Charlie Bevan true false e4613683fc5f040f6abf1f0e3a2c63bb AMAR MALLA AMAR MALLA true false 40e32d66748ab74184a31207ab145708 0000-0003-1018-773X James Sullivan James Sullivan true false 869becc35438853f2bca0044df467631 0000-0002-8942-8067 David Penney David Penney true false e1a1b126acd3e4ff734691ec34967f29 0000-0002-1365-6944 Robert Lancaster Robert Lancaster true false 2026-03-06 This study investigates the influence of post-build heat treatments (HTs) on the microstructural evolution, mechanical performance, and corrosion resistance of laser beam powder bed fusion (LB-PBF) stainless steel 316 L. Samples built in vertical and horizontal orientations were subjected to three HT conditions (1050, 1150, and 1200 °C), enabling analysis of recrystallisation behaviour, grain morphology, and the mitigation of anisotropy. Tensile, low-cycle fatigue (LCF), and fatigue crack growth (FCG) testing revealed that full recrystallisation occurred at ≥ 1150 °C, reducing orientation-dependent discrepancies in strength and ductility. Despite improved isotropy, LCF testing demonstrated residual anisotropy, with samples built in the vertical orientation consistently outperforming those built in the horizontal orientation. Samples heat treated at 1050 °C retained a fine, columnar grain structure, resulting in superior resistance to crack growth due to increased yield strength and grain boundary density. In contrast, samples heat treated at 1150 and 1200 °C exhibited coarser, equiaxed grains with diminished fatigue crack resistance. Cyclic polarisation testing showed recrystallisation at the higher temperatures induced positive changes in corrosion performance, substantially increasing pitting potential compared to un-recrystallised microstructures, as found at 1050 °C. The findings highlight the trade-offs between strength, ductility, and fatigue resistance as a function of microstructure, offering insight into optimising HT protocols for LB-PBF SS316L components in fatigue-critical applications. Journal Article Materials and Design 264 Elsevier BV 0264-1275 Stainless steel 316L; Laser beam powder bed fusion; Recrystallisation; Mechanical properties; Corrosion resistance 1 4 2026 2026-04-01 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115768 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University Other The current research was exclusively funded by Rolls-Royce plc. 2026-04-24T13:04:11.5706656 2026-03-06T08:41:39.6200111 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering Charlie Bevan 1 Thomas Jones 2 AMAR MALLA 3 James Sullivan 0000-0003-1018-773X 4 David Penney 0000-0002-8942-8067 5 Robert Lancaster 0000-0002-1365-6944 6 71568__36551__efac6ad15b314d72bb49fc3e991053d9.pdf 71568.VoR.pdf 2026-04-22T14:43:31.6646621 Output 24251838 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2026 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the CC BY license. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title The effects of recrystallisation on the fatigue and corrosion properties of LB-PBF stainless steel 316L
spellingShingle The effects of recrystallisation on the fatigue and corrosion properties of LB-PBF stainless steel 316L
Charlie Bevan
AMAR MALLA
James Sullivan
David Penney
Robert Lancaster
title_short The effects of recrystallisation on the fatigue and corrosion properties of LB-PBF stainless steel 316L
title_full The effects of recrystallisation on the fatigue and corrosion properties of LB-PBF stainless steel 316L
title_fullStr The effects of recrystallisation on the fatigue and corrosion properties of LB-PBF stainless steel 316L
title_full_unstemmed The effects of recrystallisation on the fatigue and corrosion properties of LB-PBF stainless steel 316L
title_sort The effects of recrystallisation on the fatigue and corrosion properties of LB-PBF stainless steel 316L
author_id_str_mv 7b3533a3faccf17f97a317d898de0880
e4613683fc5f040f6abf1f0e3a2c63bb
40e32d66748ab74184a31207ab145708
869becc35438853f2bca0044df467631
e1a1b126acd3e4ff734691ec34967f29
author_id_fullname_str_mv 7b3533a3faccf17f97a317d898de0880_***_Charlie Bevan
e4613683fc5f040f6abf1f0e3a2c63bb_***_AMAR MALLA
40e32d66748ab74184a31207ab145708_***_James Sullivan
869becc35438853f2bca0044df467631_***_David Penney
e1a1b126acd3e4ff734691ec34967f29_***_Robert Lancaster
author Charlie Bevan
AMAR MALLA
James Sullivan
David Penney
Robert Lancaster
author2 Charlie Bevan
Thomas Jones
AMAR MALLA
James Sullivan
David Penney
Robert Lancaster
format Journal article
container_title Materials and Design
container_volume 264
publishDate 2026
institution Swansea University
issn 0264-1275
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.matdes.2026.115768
publisher Elsevier BV
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description This study investigates the influence of post-build heat treatments (HTs) on the microstructural evolution, mechanical performance, and corrosion resistance of laser beam powder bed fusion (LB-PBF) stainless steel 316 L. Samples built in vertical and horizontal orientations were subjected to three HT conditions (1050, 1150, and 1200 °C), enabling analysis of recrystallisation behaviour, grain morphology, and the mitigation of anisotropy. Tensile, low-cycle fatigue (LCF), and fatigue crack growth (FCG) testing revealed that full recrystallisation occurred at ≥ 1150 °C, reducing orientation-dependent discrepancies in strength and ductility. Despite improved isotropy, LCF testing demonstrated residual anisotropy, with samples built in the vertical orientation consistently outperforming those built in the horizontal orientation. Samples heat treated at 1050 °C retained a fine, columnar grain structure, resulting in superior resistance to crack growth due to increased yield strength and grain boundary density. In contrast, samples heat treated at 1150 and 1200 °C exhibited coarser, equiaxed grains with diminished fatigue crack resistance. Cyclic polarisation testing showed recrystallisation at the higher temperatures induced positive changes in corrosion performance, substantially increasing pitting potential compared to un-recrystallised microstructures, as found at 1050 °C. The findings highlight the trade-offs between strength, ductility, and fatigue resistance as a function of microstructure, offering insight into optimising HT protocols for LB-PBF SS316L components in fatigue-critical applications.
published_date 2026-04-01T05:31:24Z
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score 11.103915

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