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Non-consensual condom removal among adults: prevalence, correlates, and outcomes in quantitative studies – A systematic review

Mamta Behera, Vasiliki Kravvariti Orcid Logo

F1000Research, Volume: 15, Start page: 584

Swansea University Authors: Mamta Behera, Vasiliki Kravvariti Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.12688/f1000research.178745.1

Abstract

Background: Non-consensual condom removal (NCCR), generally referred to as “stealthing,” is an increasing trend among young people yet under-recognised as a form of sexual violence and may increase risk of STI/HIV transmission, unintended pregnancy, and psychological or psychosexual harm. Despite gr...

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Published in: F1000Research
ISSN: 2046-1402
Published: F1000 Research Ltd 2026
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa71609
first_indexed 2026-03-11T10:12:29Z
last_indexed 2026-04-29T05:27:10Z
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Despite growing attention on social media platforms over the past few years, the epidemiology of NCCR remains unclear, and legal responses are inconsistent. This review asked: What is the prevalence of NCCR among adults (&#x2265;18 years), and how does it vary across populations and settings? The objectives were to synthesise quantitative prevalence estimates, describe demographic variation where data permit, and summarise reported outcomes. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020, we searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, and APA PsycINFO, supplemented by screening 200 Google Scholar records and backward/forward citation chasing. Eligible studies were English-language, peer-reviewed quantitative studies reporting NCCR prevalence (victimisation and/or perpetration) among adults. Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts and full texts, with disagreements resolved through discussion. EndNote was used for reference management and de-duplication. Study quality was appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies. Due to heterogeneity in populations, recall periods, and measurement approaches, findings were synthesised narratively. Results: Eleven studies were included from the United States (n = 6), Australia (n = 1), Australia/New Zealand (n = 1), Canada (n = 1), Brazil (n = 1), and India (n = 1). Most were cross-sectional surveys conducted among university students (n = 5), local community (n = 4), local community and college students (n = 1), Amazon MTurk sample (n = 1) and in sexual health clinic settings (n = 1). Sample sizes varied across the included studies, ranging from 96 to 2,550 participants. Women&#x2019;s victimisation prevalence ranged from 9.3% to 32%, and MSM victimisation reached 35%. Men&#x2019;s perpetration prevalence ranged from 1.3% to 19.8%. However, the reasons behind it remain unclear. Common correlates included substance use, minority status (where assessed), relationship or sexual history factors, and prior victimisation. Outcomes were inconsistently measured, but studies that assessed these domains included sexual health and psychological impacts. Conclusions: NCCR is reported internationally with substantial prevalence in women and MSM, although estimates vary by setting and measurement. Standardised definitions, validated measures, and consistent reporting of outcomes are needed to strengthen surveillance and inform clinical screening, prevention, and legal responses. Unlike broad scoping syntheses, this review provides an objective-led, quality-appraised synthesis of quantitative prevalence estimates and measured impacts.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>F1000Research</journal><volume>15</volume><journalNumber/><paginationStart>584</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>F1000 Research Ltd</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint/><issnElectronic>2046-1402</issnElectronic><keywords>Stealthing, Non-Consensual Condom Removal, Young Adults, Sexual Coercion, Sexual Violence</keywords><publishedDay>19</publishedDay><publishedMonth>4</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2026</publishedYear><publishedDate>2026-04-19</publishedDate><doi>10.12688/f1000research.178745.1</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>UK Student Recruitment</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>MSR</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm>SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal)</apcterm><funders>Swansea University</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2026-04-28T11:02:24.2340731</lastEdited><Created>2026-03-11T10:08:39.3488117</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences</level><level id="2">School of Psychology</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Mamta</firstname><surname>Behera</surname><orcid/><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Vasiliki</firstname><surname>Kravvariti</surname><orcid>0009-0002-6187-5444</orcid><order>2</order></author></authors><documents/><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling 2026-04-28T11:02:24.2340731 v2 71609 2026-03-11 Non-consensual condom removal among adults: prevalence, correlates, and outcomes in quantitative studies – A systematic review 565f408cb2727e7a5ade1e05396b13ed Mamta Behera Mamta Behera true false 33cee2996a117148f2e94cc0386ac0c6 0009-0002-6187-5444 Vasiliki Kravvariti Vasiliki Kravvariti true false 2026-03-11 MSR Background: Non-consensual condom removal (NCCR), generally referred to as “stealthing,” is an increasing trend among young people yet under-recognised as a form of sexual violence and may increase risk of STI/HIV transmission, unintended pregnancy, and psychological or psychosexual harm. Despite growing attention on social media platforms over the past few years, the epidemiology of NCCR remains unclear, and legal responses are inconsistent. This review asked: What is the prevalence of NCCR among adults (≥18 years), and how does it vary across populations and settings? The objectives were to synthesise quantitative prevalence estimates, describe demographic variation where data permit, and summarise reported outcomes. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020, we searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, and APA PsycINFO, supplemented by screening 200 Google Scholar records and backward/forward citation chasing. Eligible studies were English-language, peer-reviewed quantitative studies reporting NCCR prevalence (victimisation and/or perpetration) among adults. Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts and full texts, with disagreements resolved through discussion. EndNote was used for reference management and de-duplication. Study quality was appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies. Due to heterogeneity in populations, recall periods, and measurement approaches, findings were synthesised narratively. Results: Eleven studies were included from the United States (n = 6), Australia (n = 1), Australia/New Zealand (n = 1), Canada (n = 1), Brazil (n = 1), and India (n = 1). Most were cross-sectional surveys conducted among university students (n = 5), local community (n = 4), local community and college students (n = 1), Amazon MTurk sample (n = 1) and in sexual health clinic settings (n = 1). Sample sizes varied across the included studies, ranging from 96 to 2,550 participants. Women’s victimisation prevalence ranged from 9.3% to 32%, and MSM victimisation reached 35%. Men’s perpetration prevalence ranged from 1.3% to 19.8%. However, the reasons behind it remain unclear. Common correlates included substance use, minority status (where assessed), relationship or sexual history factors, and prior victimisation. Outcomes were inconsistently measured, but studies that assessed these domains included sexual health and psychological impacts. Conclusions: NCCR is reported internationally with substantial prevalence in women and MSM, although estimates vary by setting and measurement. Standardised definitions, validated measures, and consistent reporting of outcomes are needed to strengthen surveillance and inform clinical screening, prevention, and legal responses. Unlike broad scoping syntheses, this review provides an objective-led, quality-appraised synthesis of quantitative prevalence estimates and measured impacts. Journal Article F1000Research 15 584 F1000 Research Ltd 2046-1402 Stealthing, Non-Consensual Condom Removal, Young Adults, Sexual Coercion, Sexual Violence 19 4 2026 2026-04-19 10.12688/f1000research.178745.1 COLLEGE NANME UK Student Recruitment COLLEGE CODE MSR Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) Swansea University 2026-04-28T11:02:24.2340731 2026-03-11T10:08:39.3488117 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences School of Psychology Mamta Behera 1 Vasiliki Kravvariti 0009-0002-6187-5444 2
title Non-consensual condom removal among adults: prevalence, correlates, and outcomes in quantitative studies – A systematic review
spellingShingle Non-consensual condom removal among adults: prevalence, correlates, and outcomes in quantitative studies – A systematic review
Mamta Behera
Vasiliki Kravvariti
title_short Non-consensual condom removal among adults: prevalence, correlates, and outcomes in quantitative studies – A systematic review
title_full Non-consensual condom removal among adults: prevalence, correlates, and outcomes in quantitative studies – A systematic review
title_fullStr Non-consensual condom removal among adults: prevalence, correlates, and outcomes in quantitative studies – A systematic review
title_full_unstemmed Non-consensual condom removal among adults: prevalence, correlates, and outcomes in quantitative studies – A systematic review
title_sort Non-consensual condom removal among adults: prevalence, correlates, and outcomes in quantitative studies – A systematic review
author_id_str_mv 565f408cb2727e7a5ade1e05396b13ed
33cee2996a117148f2e94cc0386ac0c6
author_id_fullname_str_mv 565f408cb2727e7a5ade1e05396b13ed_***_Mamta Behera
33cee2996a117148f2e94cc0386ac0c6_***_Vasiliki Kravvariti
author Mamta Behera
Vasiliki Kravvariti
author2 Mamta Behera
Vasiliki Kravvariti
format Journal article
container_title F1000Research
container_volume 15
container_start_page 584
publishDate 2026
institution Swansea University
issn 2046-1402
doi_str_mv 10.12688/f1000research.178745.1
publisher F1000 Research Ltd
college_str Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str School of Psychology{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}School of Psychology
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description Background: Non-consensual condom removal (NCCR), generally referred to as “stealthing,” is an increasing trend among young people yet under-recognised as a form of sexual violence and may increase risk of STI/HIV transmission, unintended pregnancy, and psychological or psychosexual harm. Despite growing attention on social media platforms over the past few years, the epidemiology of NCCR remains unclear, and legal responses are inconsistent. This review asked: What is the prevalence of NCCR among adults (≥18 years), and how does it vary across populations and settings? The objectives were to synthesise quantitative prevalence estimates, describe demographic variation where data permit, and summarise reported outcomes. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020, we searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, and APA PsycINFO, supplemented by screening 200 Google Scholar records and backward/forward citation chasing. Eligible studies were English-language, peer-reviewed quantitative studies reporting NCCR prevalence (victimisation and/or perpetration) among adults. Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts and full texts, with disagreements resolved through discussion. EndNote was used for reference management and de-duplication. Study quality was appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies. Due to heterogeneity in populations, recall periods, and measurement approaches, findings were synthesised narratively. Results: Eleven studies were included from the United States (n = 6), Australia (n = 1), Australia/New Zealand (n = 1), Canada (n = 1), Brazil (n = 1), and India (n = 1). Most were cross-sectional surveys conducted among university students (n = 5), local community (n = 4), local community and college students (n = 1), Amazon MTurk sample (n = 1) and in sexual health clinic settings (n = 1). Sample sizes varied across the included studies, ranging from 96 to 2,550 participants. Women’s victimisation prevalence ranged from 9.3% to 32%, and MSM victimisation reached 35%. Men’s perpetration prevalence ranged from 1.3% to 19.8%. However, the reasons behind it remain unclear. Common correlates included substance use, minority status (where assessed), relationship or sexual history factors, and prior victimisation. Outcomes were inconsistently measured, but studies that assessed these domains included sexual health and psychological impacts. Conclusions: NCCR is reported internationally with substantial prevalence in women and MSM, although estimates vary by setting and measurement. Standardised definitions, validated measures, and consistent reporting of outcomes are needed to strengthen surveillance and inform clinical screening, prevention, and legal responses. Unlike broad scoping syntheses, this review provides an objective-led, quality-appraised synthesis of quantitative prevalence estimates and measured impacts.
published_date 2026-04-19T06:22:02Z
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score 11.105427

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