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SANE (eaSy gAit aNalysis systEm): real-time dual-depth, marker-less system characterisation and robustness of gait parameters
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Betsy Dayana Marcela Chaparro Rico
Frontiers in Robotics and AI, Volume: 13, Start page: 1691113
Swansea University Authors:
Daniele Cafolla , Betsy Dayana Marcela Chaparro Rico
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© 2026 Cafolla and Chaparro-Rico. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY).
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DOI (Published version): 10.3389/frobt.2026.1691113
Abstract
Gait analysis is essential in clinical evaluation, biomechanics, and rehabilitation, yet conventional approaches often rely on complex marker-based systems that limit accessibility and real-time feedback. The SANE (eaSy gAit aNalysis systEm) platform was launched in 2020 and has previously been eval...
| Published in: | Frontiers in Robotics and AI |
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| ISSN: | 2296-9144 |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media SA
2026
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| Online Access: |
Check full text
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| URI: | https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa72160 |
| Abstract: |
Gait analysis is essential in clinical evaluation, biomechanics, and rehabilitation, yet conventional approaches often rely on complex marker-based systems that limit accessibility and real-time feedback. The SANE (eaSy gAit aNalysis systEm) platform was launched in 2020 and has previously been evaluated in multi-subject laboratory and clinical studies, where it demonstrated agreement with gold-standard marker-based systems for core spatiotemporal parameters and achieved high test–retest, inter-rater, and intra-rater reliability. Building on this validated foundation, the present work provides a system characterisation and robustness analysis of the latest dual-depth, real-time SANE implementation. The updated SANE system enables real-time extraction and visualisation of an expanded set of spatiotemporal and angular gait parameters—including gait speed, step and stride length, cadence, step and stride time, step width, foot angles, double support, and gait phase durations—using two depth cameras and AI-based pose estimation. A total of 80 walking trials performed by a healthy adult (39 years, 1.74 m, 73.0 kg) were acquired across four sessions over 1 week, with complete system shutdown and restart between sessions to rigorously challenge operational stability. Session-level means, within-session standard deviations, and Relative Error Measurement (REM%) between sessions were used to quantify robustness and session-to-session variability. Across all four sessions, gait outputs remained within published normative ranges for healthy adults. REM% values for primary spatiotemporal parameters were consistently below or around 5%, and standard deviations were low and comparable to values reported for marker-based systems, indicating stable, repeatable measurements over repeated restarts and days. Real-time computation and visualisation at frame rates up to approximately 80 frames per second further distinguish this system from traditional post hoc workflows. These findings characterise the operational robustness and real-time capabilities of the dual-depth SANE system in a controlled, single-participant setting and support its use as a practical, marker-less gait assessment tool in clinical and research environments, while motivating future studies on larger and pathological cohorts. |
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| Keywords: |
biomechanics, dual-depth, gait analysis, marker-less systems, movement analysis |
| College: |
Faculty of Science and Engineering |
| Start Page: |
1691113 |