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Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation: Attentional Focus Effects During Running

NOEL E. BRICK, MARK J. CAMPBELL, Richard Metcalfe Orcid Logo, JACQUELINE L. MAIR, TADHG E. MACINTYRE

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Volume: 48, Issue: 5, Pages: 879 - 886

Swansea University Author: Richard Metcalfe Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000843

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Purpose: To date, there are no published studies directly comparing self-controlled (SC) and externally controlled (EC) pace endurance tasks. However, previous research suggests pace control may impact on cognitive strategy use and effort perceptions. The primary aim of this study was to investigate...

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Published in: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
ISSN: 0195-9131
Published: 2016
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa35657
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fullrecord <?xml version="1.0"?><rfc1807><datestamp>2019-03-12T17:09:26.9427782</datestamp><bib-version>v2</bib-version><id>35657</id><entry>2017-09-26</entry><title>Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation: Attentional Focus Effects During Running</title><swanseaauthors><author><sid>9bb783273dd9d54a2f3f66f75c43abdf</sid><ORCID>0000-0003-0980-2977</ORCID><firstname>Richard</firstname><surname>Metcalfe</surname><name>Richard Metcalfe</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author></swanseaauthors><date>2017-09-26</date><deptcode>STSC</deptcode><abstract>Purpose: To date, there are no published studies directly comparing self-controlled (SC) and externally controlled (EC) pace endurance tasks. However, previous research suggests pace control may impact on cognitive strategy use and effort perceptions. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of manipulating perception of pace control on attentional focus, physiological, and psychological outcomes during running. The secondary aim was to determine the reproducibility of self-paced running performance when regulated by effort perceptions.Methods: Twenty experienced endurance runners completed four 3-km time trials on a treadmill. Subjects completed two SC pace trials, one perceived exertion clamped (PE) trial, and one EC pace time trial. PE and EC were completed in a counterbalanced order. Pacing strategy for EC and perceived exertion instructions for PE replicated the subjects&#x2019; fastest SC time trial.Results: Subjects reported a greater focus on cognitive strategies such as relaxing and optimizing running action during EC than during SC. The mean HR was 2% lower during EC than that during SC despite an identical pacing strategy. Perceived exertion did not differ between the three conditions. However, increased internal sensory monitoring coincided with elevated effort perceptions in some subjects during EC and a 10% slower completion time for PE (13.0 &#xB1; 1.6 min) than that for SC (11.8 &#xB1; 1.2 min).Conclusions: Altering pace control and pace regulation impacted on attentional focus. External control over pacing may facilitate performance, particularly when runners engage attentional strategies conducive to improved running efficiency. However, regulating pace based on effort perceptions alone may result in excessive monitoring of bodily sensations and a slower running speed. Accordingly, attentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performance.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Medicine &amp; Science in Sports &amp; Exercise</journal><volume>48</volume><journalNumber>5</journalNumber><paginationStart>879</paginationStart><paginationEnd>886</paginationEnd><publisher/><issnPrint>0195-9131</issnPrint><keywords>ATTENTIONAL STRATEGIES, PERCEIVED EXERTION, PACING, METACOGNITION, ENDURANCE</keywords><publishedDay>1</publishedDay><publishedMonth>5</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2016</publishedYear><publishedDate>2016-05-01</publishedDate><doi>10.1249/MSS.0000000000000843</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Sport and Exercise Sciences</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>STSC</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm/><lastEdited>2019-03-12T17:09:26.9427782</lastEdited><Created>2017-09-26T13:22:53.4828251</Created><authors><author><firstname>NOEL E.</firstname><surname>BRICK</surname><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>MARK J.</firstname><surname>CAMPBELL</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Richard</firstname><surname>Metcalfe</surname><orcid>0000-0003-0980-2977</orcid><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>JACQUELINE L.</firstname><surname>MAIR</surname><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>TADHG E.</firstname><surname>MACINTYRE</surname><order>5</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>0035657-29092017095725.pdf</filename><originalFilename>Bricketal_PaceControlRegulation_MSSE_Accepted.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2017-09-29T09:57:25.0030000</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>678483</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Accepted Manuscript</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><embargoDate>2017-09-29T00:00:00.0000000</embargoDate><copyrightCorrect>false</copyrightCorrect><language>eng</language></document></documents><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling 2019-03-12T17:09:26.9427782 v2 35657 2017-09-26 Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation: Attentional Focus Effects During Running 9bb783273dd9d54a2f3f66f75c43abdf 0000-0003-0980-2977 Richard Metcalfe Richard Metcalfe true false 2017-09-26 STSC Purpose: To date, there are no published studies directly comparing self-controlled (SC) and externally controlled (EC) pace endurance tasks. However, previous research suggests pace control may impact on cognitive strategy use and effort perceptions. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of manipulating perception of pace control on attentional focus, physiological, and psychological outcomes during running. The secondary aim was to determine the reproducibility of self-paced running performance when regulated by effort perceptions.Methods: Twenty experienced endurance runners completed four 3-km time trials on a treadmill. Subjects completed two SC pace trials, one perceived exertion clamped (PE) trial, and one EC pace time trial. PE and EC were completed in a counterbalanced order. Pacing strategy for EC and perceived exertion instructions for PE replicated the subjects’ fastest SC time trial.Results: Subjects reported a greater focus on cognitive strategies such as relaxing and optimizing running action during EC than during SC. The mean HR was 2% lower during EC than that during SC despite an identical pacing strategy. Perceived exertion did not differ between the three conditions. However, increased internal sensory monitoring coincided with elevated effort perceptions in some subjects during EC and a 10% slower completion time for PE (13.0 ± 1.6 min) than that for SC (11.8 ± 1.2 min).Conclusions: Altering pace control and pace regulation impacted on attentional focus. External control over pacing may facilitate performance, particularly when runners engage attentional strategies conducive to improved running efficiency. However, regulating pace based on effort perceptions alone may result in excessive monitoring of bodily sensations and a slower running speed. Accordingly, attentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performance. Journal Article Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 5 879 886 0195-9131 ATTENTIONAL STRATEGIES, PERCEIVED EXERTION, PACING, METACOGNITION, ENDURANCE 1 5 2016 2016-05-01 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000843 COLLEGE NANME Sport and Exercise Sciences COLLEGE CODE STSC Swansea University 2019-03-12T17:09:26.9427782 2017-09-26T13:22:53.4828251 NOEL E. BRICK 1 MARK J. CAMPBELL 2 Richard Metcalfe 0000-0003-0980-2977 3 JACQUELINE L. MAIR 4 TADHG E. MACINTYRE 5 0035657-29092017095725.pdf Bricketal_PaceControlRegulation_MSSE_Accepted.pdf 2017-09-29T09:57:25.0030000 Output 678483 application/pdf Accepted Manuscript true 2017-09-29T00:00:00.0000000 false eng
title Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation: Attentional Focus Effects During Running
spellingShingle Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation: Attentional Focus Effects During Running
Richard Metcalfe
title_short Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation: Attentional Focus Effects During Running
title_full Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation: Attentional Focus Effects During Running
title_fullStr Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation: Attentional Focus Effects During Running
title_full_unstemmed Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation: Attentional Focus Effects During Running
title_sort Altering Pace Control and Pace Regulation: Attentional Focus Effects During Running
author_id_str_mv 9bb783273dd9d54a2f3f66f75c43abdf
author_id_fullname_str_mv 9bb783273dd9d54a2f3f66f75c43abdf_***_Richard Metcalfe
author Richard Metcalfe
author2 NOEL E. BRICK
MARK J. CAMPBELL
Richard Metcalfe
JACQUELINE L. MAIR
TADHG E. MACINTYRE
format Journal article
container_title Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
container_volume 48
container_issue 5
container_start_page 879
publishDate 2016
institution Swansea University
issn 0195-9131
doi_str_mv 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000843
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Purpose: To date, there are no published studies directly comparing self-controlled (SC) and externally controlled (EC) pace endurance tasks. However, previous research suggests pace control may impact on cognitive strategy use and effort perceptions. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of manipulating perception of pace control on attentional focus, physiological, and psychological outcomes during running. The secondary aim was to determine the reproducibility of self-paced running performance when regulated by effort perceptions.Methods: Twenty experienced endurance runners completed four 3-km time trials on a treadmill. Subjects completed two SC pace trials, one perceived exertion clamped (PE) trial, and one EC pace time trial. PE and EC were completed in a counterbalanced order. Pacing strategy for EC and perceived exertion instructions for PE replicated the subjects’ fastest SC time trial.Results: Subjects reported a greater focus on cognitive strategies such as relaxing and optimizing running action during EC than during SC. The mean HR was 2% lower during EC than that during SC despite an identical pacing strategy. Perceived exertion did not differ between the three conditions. However, increased internal sensory monitoring coincided with elevated effort perceptions in some subjects during EC and a 10% slower completion time for PE (13.0 ± 1.6 min) than that for SC (11.8 ± 1.2 min).Conclusions: Altering pace control and pace regulation impacted on attentional focus. External control over pacing may facilitate performance, particularly when runners engage attentional strategies conducive to improved running efficiency. However, regulating pace based on effort perceptions alone may result in excessive monitoring of bodily sensations and a slower running speed. Accordingly, attentional focus interventions may prove beneficial for some athletes to adopt task-appropriate attentional strategies to optimize performance.
published_date 2016-05-01T03:44:25Z
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score 11.012678

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