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The effects of facial expression and relaxation cues on movement economy, physiological, and perceptual responses during running

Noel E. Brick, Megan J. McElhinney, Richard Metcalfe Orcid Logo

Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Volume: 34, Pages: 20 - 28

Swansea University Author: Richard Metcalfe Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.09.009

Abstract

ObjectivesPrevious research has supported the beneficial effects of relaxation training on running economy. However, no studies have compared the effects of brief contact instructions to alter facial expression or to relax on running economy or running performance. The primary aim of this study was...

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Published in: Psychology of Sport and Exercise
ISSN: 1469-0292
Published: 2018
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa35692
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first_indexed 2017-09-27T18:49:56Z
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fullrecord <?xml version="1.0"?><rfc1807><datestamp>2020-06-19T15:35:46.1051313</datestamp><bib-version>v2</bib-version><id>35692</id><entry>2017-09-27</entry><title>The effects of facial expression and relaxation cues on movement economy, physiological, and perceptual responses during running</title><swanseaauthors><author><sid>9bb783273dd9d54a2f3f66f75c43abdf</sid><ORCID>0000-0003-0980-2977</ORCID><firstname>Richard</firstname><surname>Metcalfe</surname><name>Richard Metcalfe</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author></swanseaauthors><date>2017-09-27</date><deptcode>STSC</deptcode><abstract>ObjectivesPrevious research has supported the beneficial effects of relaxation training on running economy. However, no studies have compared the effects of brief contact instructions to alter facial expression or to relax on running economy or running performance. The primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of such attentional instructions on movement economy, physiological, and perceptual responses during running.MethodUsing a repeated measures design, 24 trained runners completed four 6 min running blocks at 70% of velocity at VO2max with 2 min rest between blocks. Condition order was randomized. Participants completed running blocks while smiling, frowning, consciously relaxing their hands and upper-body, or with a normal attentional focus (control). Cardiorespiratory responses were recorded continuously and participants reported perceived effort, affective valence, and activation after each condition.ResultsOxygen consumption was lower during smiling than frowning (d = &#x2212;0.23) and control (d = &#x2212;0.19) conditions. Fourteen participants were most economical when smiling in contrast with only one participant when consciously relaxing. Perceived effort was higher during frowning than smiling (d = 0.58) and relaxing (d = 0.49). Activation was higher during frowning than all other conditions (all d &#x2265; 0.59). Heart rate, affective valence, and manipulation adherence did not differ between conditions.ConclusionPeriodic smiling may improve movement economy during vigorous intensity running. In contrast, frowning may increase both effort perception and activation. A conscious focus on relaxing was not more efficacious on any outcome. The findings have implications for applied practice to improve endurance performance.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Psychology of Sport and Exercise</journal><volume>34</volume><paginationStart>20</paginationStart><paginationEnd>28</paginationEnd><publisher/><issnPrint>1469-0292</issnPrint><keywords>Smiling; Relaxation; Endurance activity; Running economy; Attentional focus</keywords><publishedDay>31</publishedDay><publishedMonth>1</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2018</publishedYear><publishedDate>2018-01-31</publishedDate><doi>10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.09.009</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Sport and Exercise Sciences</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>STSC</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm/><lastEdited>2020-06-19T15:35:46.1051313</lastEdited><Created>2017-09-27T15:14:42.1058407</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Sport and Exercise Sciences</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Noel E.</firstname><surname>Brick</surname><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Megan J.</firstname><surname>McElhinney</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Richard</firstname><surname>Metcalfe</surname><orcid>0000-0003-0980-2977</orcid><order>3</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>0035692-27092017151551.pdf</filename><originalFilename>brick2017.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2017-09-27T15:15:51.3700000</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>672088</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Accepted Manuscript</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><embargoDate>2019-03-19T00:00:00.0000000</embargoDate><copyrightCorrect>true</copyrightCorrect><language>eng</language></document></documents><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling 2020-06-19T15:35:46.1051313 v2 35692 2017-09-27 The effects of facial expression and relaxation cues on movement economy, physiological, and perceptual responses during running 9bb783273dd9d54a2f3f66f75c43abdf 0000-0003-0980-2977 Richard Metcalfe Richard Metcalfe true false 2017-09-27 STSC ObjectivesPrevious research has supported the beneficial effects of relaxation training on running economy. However, no studies have compared the effects of brief contact instructions to alter facial expression or to relax on running economy or running performance. The primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of such attentional instructions on movement economy, physiological, and perceptual responses during running.MethodUsing a repeated measures design, 24 trained runners completed four 6 min running blocks at 70% of velocity at VO2max with 2 min rest between blocks. Condition order was randomized. Participants completed running blocks while smiling, frowning, consciously relaxing their hands and upper-body, or with a normal attentional focus (control). Cardiorespiratory responses were recorded continuously and participants reported perceived effort, affective valence, and activation after each condition.ResultsOxygen consumption was lower during smiling than frowning (d = −0.23) and control (d = −0.19) conditions. Fourteen participants were most economical when smiling in contrast with only one participant when consciously relaxing. Perceived effort was higher during frowning than smiling (d = 0.58) and relaxing (d = 0.49). Activation was higher during frowning than all other conditions (all d ≥ 0.59). Heart rate, affective valence, and manipulation adherence did not differ between conditions.ConclusionPeriodic smiling may improve movement economy during vigorous intensity running. In contrast, frowning may increase both effort perception and activation. A conscious focus on relaxing was not more efficacious on any outcome. The findings have implications for applied practice to improve endurance performance. Journal Article Psychology of Sport and Exercise 34 20 28 1469-0292 Smiling; Relaxation; Endurance activity; Running economy; Attentional focus 31 1 2018 2018-01-31 10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.09.009 COLLEGE NANME Sport and Exercise Sciences COLLEGE CODE STSC Swansea University 2020-06-19T15:35:46.1051313 2017-09-27T15:14:42.1058407 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Sport and Exercise Sciences Noel E. Brick 1 Megan J. McElhinney 2 Richard Metcalfe 0000-0003-0980-2977 3 0035692-27092017151551.pdf brick2017.pdf 2017-09-27T15:15:51.3700000 Output 672088 application/pdf Accepted Manuscript true 2019-03-19T00:00:00.0000000 true eng
title The effects of facial expression and relaxation cues on movement economy, physiological, and perceptual responses during running
spellingShingle The effects of facial expression and relaxation cues on movement economy, physiological, and perceptual responses during running
Richard Metcalfe
title_short The effects of facial expression and relaxation cues on movement economy, physiological, and perceptual responses during running
title_full The effects of facial expression and relaxation cues on movement economy, physiological, and perceptual responses during running
title_fullStr The effects of facial expression and relaxation cues on movement economy, physiological, and perceptual responses during running
title_full_unstemmed The effects of facial expression and relaxation cues on movement economy, physiological, and perceptual responses during running
title_sort The effects of facial expression and relaxation cues on movement economy, physiological, and perceptual responses during running
author_id_str_mv 9bb783273dd9d54a2f3f66f75c43abdf
author_id_fullname_str_mv 9bb783273dd9d54a2f3f66f75c43abdf_***_Richard Metcalfe
author Richard Metcalfe
author2 Noel E. Brick
Megan J. McElhinney
Richard Metcalfe
format Journal article
container_title Psychology of Sport and Exercise
container_volume 34
container_start_page 20
publishDate 2018
institution Swansea University
issn 1469-0292
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.09.009
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Sport and Exercise Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Sport and Exercise Sciences
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description ObjectivesPrevious research has supported the beneficial effects of relaxation training on running economy. However, no studies have compared the effects of brief contact instructions to alter facial expression or to relax on running economy or running performance. The primary aim of this study was to determine the effect of such attentional instructions on movement economy, physiological, and perceptual responses during running.MethodUsing a repeated measures design, 24 trained runners completed four 6 min running blocks at 70% of velocity at VO2max with 2 min rest between blocks. Condition order was randomized. Participants completed running blocks while smiling, frowning, consciously relaxing their hands and upper-body, or with a normal attentional focus (control). Cardiorespiratory responses were recorded continuously and participants reported perceived effort, affective valence, and activation after each condition.ResultsOxygen consumption was lower during smiling than frowning (d = −0.23) and control (d = −0.19) conditions. Fourteen participants were most economical when smiling in contrast with only one participant when consciously relaxing. Perceived effort was higher during frowning than smiling (d = 0.58) and relaxing (d = 0.49). Activation was higher during frowning than all other conditions (all d ≥ 0.59). Heart rate, affective valence, and manipulation adherence did not differ between conditions.ConclusionPeriodic smiling may improve movement economy during vigorous intensity running. In contrast, frowning may increase both effort perception and activation. A conscious focus on relaxing was not more efficacious on any outcome. The findings have implications for applied practice to improve endurance performance.
published_date 2018-01-31T03:44:28Z
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score 11.017797

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