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Psychonauts’ psychedelics: A systematic, multilingual, web-crawling exercise

Valeria Catalani, John Martin Corkery, Amira Guirguis Orcid Logo, Flavia Napoletano, Davide Arillotta, Caroline Zangani, Alessandro Vento, Fabrizio Schifano

European Neuropsychopharmacology, Volume: 49, Pages: 69 - 92

Swansea University Author: Amira Guirguis Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.03.006

Abstract

Psychedelics alter the perception of reality through agonist or partial agonist interaction with the 2A serotoninergic receptor. They are classified as phenethylamines, tryptamines and lysergamides. These classes, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and European Monitor...

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Published in: European Neuropsychopharmacology
ISSN: 0924-977X
Published: UK Elsevier BV 2021
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa55715
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spelling 2021-05-03T13:32:20.7494970 v2 55715 2020-11-20 Psychonauts’ psychedelics: A systematic, multilingual, web-crawling exercise b49270b9a0d580cf4f31f9a1b6c93f87 0000-0001-8255-0660 Amira Guirguis Amira Guirguis true false 2020-11-20 PHAR Psychedelics alter the perception of reality through agonist or partial agonist interaction with the 2A serotoninergic receptor. They are classified as phenethylamines, tryptamines and lysergamides. These classes, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), account for an important percentage of the new psychoactive substances (NPS) current scenario.The paper aimed at: a) identifying and categorise psychedelic molecules from a list of psychonaut websites and NPS online resources; and b) comparing the NPSfinder® results with those from the European and United Nations databases.A crawling software (i.e. ‘NPSfinder®’) was created to automatically scan, 24/7, a list of URLs and to extract a range of information (chemical/street names, chemical formulae, etc.) to facilitate NPS identification. Data collected were manually analysed and compared with the EMCDDA and UNODC databases.The overall number of psychedelic NPS detected by NPSfinder® (November 2017-February 2020) was 1344, almost ten-times higher than that reported by the UNODC and EMCDDA combined. Of these, 994 previously unknown molecules were identified as (potential) novel psychedelics, suggesting a strong discrepancy between online and real-world NPS scenarios.The results show the interest of psychonauts, and maybe of the much larger community of ‘recreational’ drug users, towards psychedelics. Moreover, examining online scenarios may help in assessing the availability in the real world of psychedelic NPS; understanding drug trends; and in possibly predicting future drug scenarios. Journal Article European Neuropsychopharmacology 49 69 92 Elsevier BV UK 0924-977X New Psychoactive Substances; psychedelics; Psychonauts; Web Crawler; NPSfinderⓇ 1 8 2021 2021-08-01 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.03.006 COLLEGE NANME Pharmacy COLLEGE CODE PHAR Swansea University 2021-05-03T13:32:20.7494970 2020-11-20T21:35:45.6973513 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Swansea University Medical School - Medicine Valeria Catalani 1 John Martin Corkery 2 Amira Guirguis 0000-0001-8255-0660 3 Flavia Napoletano 4 Davide Arillotta 5 Caroline Zangani 6 Alessandro Vento 7 Fabrizio Schifano 8 55715__19788__acc17f5c66864f258075b2ad2a03b7e2.pdf 55715.pdf 2021-05-03T13:29:54.7298373 Output 705593 application/pdf Accepted Manuscript true 2022-04-12T00:00:00.0000000 ©2021 All rights reserved. All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License (CC-BY-NC-ND) true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
title Psychonauts’ psychedelics: A systematic, multilingual, web-crawling exercise
spellingShingle Psychonauts’ psychedelics: A systematic, multilingual, web-crawling exercise
Amira Guirguis
title_short Psychonauts’ psychedelics: A systematic, multilingual, web-crawling exercise
title_full Psychonauts’ psychedelics: A systematic, multilingual, web-crawling exercise
title_fullStr Psychonauts’ psychedelics: A systematic, multilingual, web-crawling exercise
title_full_unstemmed Psychonauts’ psychedelics: A systematic, multilingual, web-crawling exercise
title_sort Psychonauts’ psychedelics: A systematic, multilingual, web-crawling exercise
author_id_str_mv b49270b9a0d580cf4f31f9a1b6c93f87
author_id_fullname_str_mv b49270b9a0d580cf4f31f9a1b6c93f87_***_Amira Guirguis
author Amira Guirguis
author2 Valeria Catalani
John Martin Corkery
Amira Guirguis
Flavia Napoletano
Davide Arillotta
Caroline Zangani
Alessandro Vento
Fabrizio Schifano
format Journal article
container_title European Neuropsychopharmacology
container_volume 49
container_start_page 69
publishDate 2021
institution Swansea University
issn 0924-977X
doi_str_mv 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.03.006
publisher Elsevier BV
college_str Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofmedicinehealthandlifesciences
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences
department_str Swansea University Medical School - Medicine{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Swansea University Medical School - Medicine
document_store_str 1
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description Psychedelics alter the perception of reality through agonist or partial agonist interaction with the 2A serotoninergic receptor. They are classified as phenethylamines, tryptamines and lysergamides. These classes, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), account for an important percentage of the new psychoactive substances (NPS) current scenario.The paper aimed at: a) identifying and categorise psychedelic molecules from a list of psychonaut websites and NPS online resources; and b) comparing the NPSfinder® results with those from the European and United Nations databases.A crawling software (i.e. ‘NPSfinder®’) was created to automatically scan, 24/7, a list of URLs and to extract a range of information (chemical/street names, chemical formulae, etc.) to facilitate NPS identification. Data collected were manually analysed and compared with the EMCDDA and UNODC databases.The overall number of psychedelic NPS detected by NPSfinder® (November 2017-February 2020) was 1344, almost ten-times higher than that reported by the UNODC and EMCDDA combined. Of these, 994 previously unknown molecules were identified as (potential) novel psychedelics, suggesting a strong discrepancy between online and real-world NPS scenarios.The results show the interest of psychonauts, and maybe of the much larger community of ‘recreational’ drug users, towards psychedelics. Moreover, examining online scenarios may help in assessing the availability in the real world of psychedelic NPS; understanding drug trends; and in possibly predicting future drug scenarios.
published_date 2021-08-01T04:10:09Z
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