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An investigation into the leaching of micro and nano particles and chemical pollutants from disposable face masks - linked to the COVID-19 pandemic
Water Research, Volume: 196, Start page: 117033
Swansea University Authors:
Geraint L. Sullivan , Javier Delgado Gallardo, Trystan Watson
, Sarper Sarp
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©2021 All rights reserved. All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License (CC-BY-NC-ND)
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DOI (Published version): 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117033
Abstract
The production of disposable plastic face masks (DPFs) in China alone has reached to approximately 200 million a day, in a global effort to tackle the spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, improper and unregulated disposals of these DPFs has been and will continue to intensify the plastic pol...
Published in: | Water Research |
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ISSN: | 0043-1354 |
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Elsevier BV
2021
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URI: | https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa56400 |
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However, improper and unregulated disposals of these DPFs has been and will continue to intensify the plastic pollution problem we are already facing. This study focuses on the emission of pollutants from 7 DPF brands that were submerged in water to simulate environmental conditions if these DPFs were littered. The DPF leachates were filtered by inorganic membranes, and both particle-deposited organic membranes and the filtrates were characterized using techniques such as FTIR, SEM-EDX, Light Microscopy, ICP-MS and LC-MS. Micro and nano scale polymeric fibres, particles, siliceous fragments and leachable inorganic and organic chemicals were observed from all of the tested DPFs. Traces of concerning heavy metals (i.e. lead up to 6.79 µg/L) were detected in association with silicon containing fragments. ICP-MS also confirmed the presence of other leachable metals like cadmium (up to 1.92 µg/L), antimony (up to 393 µg/L) and copper (up to 4.17 µg/L). LC-MS analysis identified polar leachable organic species related to plastic additives and contaminants; polyamide-66 monomer and oligomers (nylon-66 synthesis), surfactant molecules, dye-like molecules and polyethylene glycol were all tentatively identified in the leachate. The toxicity of some of the chemicals found and the postulated risks of the rest of the present particles and molecules, raises the question of whether DPFs are safe to be used on a daily basis and what consequences are to be expected after their disposal into the environment.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Water Research</journal><volume>196</volume><journalNumber/><paginationStart>117033</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>Elsevier BV</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint>0043-1354</issnPrint><issnElectronic/><keywords/><publishedDay>15</publishedDay><publishedMonth>5</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2021</publishedYear><publishedDate>2021-05-15</publishedDate><doi>10.1016/j.watres.2021.117033</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Swansea University Medical School</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm/><funders>EPSRC (EP/R51312X/1; EP/N020863/1) and Swansea University Collage of Engineering.</funders><projectreference/><lastEdited>2022-08-15T12:57:21.2863374</lastEdited><Created>2021-03-11T09:27:18.6599387</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Geraint L.</firstname><surname>Sullivan</surname><orcid>0000-0002-3370-2768</orcid><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Javier</firstname><surname>Delgado Gallardo</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Trystan</firstname><surname>Watson</surname><orcid>0000-0002-8015-1436</orcid><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Sarper</firstname><surname>Sarp</surname><orcid>0000-0003-3866-1026</orcid><order>4</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>56400__19474__c257ae6ced2446359bbdc34d693dde5a.pdf</filename><originalFilename>56400.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2021-03-11T09:29:02.3532262</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>1385011</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Accepted Manuscript</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><embargoDate>2022-03-10T00:00:00.0000000</embargoDate><documentNotes>©2021 All rights reserved. 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2022-08-15T12:57:21.2863374 v2 56400 2021-03-11 An investigation into the leaching of micro and nano particles and chemical pollutants from disposable face masks - linked to the COVID-19 pandemic c3b9c5e1e6357330527c1a63a479b0f3 0000-0002-3370-2768 Geraint L. Sullivan Geraint L. Sullivan true true 1a35cea6f5d5e28ee22fc2d490e102d2 Javier Delgado Gallardo Javier Delgado Gallardo true false a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457 0000-0002-8015-1436 Trystan Watson Trystan Watson true false ca341f0a3e516f888e12d2710d06e043 0000-0003-3866-1026 Sarper Sarp Sarper Sarp true false 2021-03-11 The production of disposable plastic face masks (DPFs) in China alone has reached to approximately 200 million a day, in a global effort to tackle the spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, improper and unregulated disposals of these DPFs has been and will continue to intensify the plastic pollution problem we are already facing. This study focuses on the emission of pollutants from 7 DPF brands that were submerged in water to simulate environmental conditions if these DPFs were littered. The DPF leachates were filtered by inorganic membranes, and both particle-deposited organic membranes and the filtrates were characterized using techniques such as FTIR, SEM-EDX, Light Microscopy, ICP-MS and LC-MS. Micro and nano scale polymeric fibres, particles, siliceous fragments and leachable inorganic and organic chemicals were observed from all of the tested DPFs. Traces of concerning heavy metals (i.e. lead up to 6.79 µg/L) were detected in association with silicon containing fragments. ICP-MS also confirmed the presence of other leachable metals like cadmium (up to 1.92 µg/L), antimony (up to 393 µg/L) and copper (up to 4.17 µg/L). LC-MS analysis identified polar leachable organic species related to plastic additives and contaminants; polyamide-66 monomer and oligomers (nylon-66 synthesis), surfactant molecules, dye-like molecules and polyethylene glycol were all tentatively identified in the leachate. The toxicity of some of the chemicals found and the postulated risks of the rest of the present particles and molecules, raises the question of whether DPFs are safe to be used on a daily basis and what consequences are to be expected after their disposal into the environment. Journal Article Water Research 196 117033 Elsevier BV 0043-1354 15 5 2021 2021-05-15 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117033 COLLEGE NANME Swansea University Medical School COLLEGE CODE Swansea University EPSRC (EP/R51312X/1; EP/N020863/1) and Swansea University Collage of Engineering. 2022-08-15T12:57:21.2863374 2021-03-11T09:27:18.6599387 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised Geraint L. Sullivan 0000-0002-3370-2768 1 Javier Delgado Gallardo 2 Trystan Watson 0000-0002-8015-1436 3 Sarper Sarp 0000-0003-3866-1026 4 56400__19474__c257ae6ced2446359bbdc34d693dde5a.pdf 56400.pdf 2021-03-11T09:29:02.3532262 Output 1385011 application/pdf Accepted Manuscript true 2022-03-10T00:00:00.0000000 ©2021 All rights reserved. All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License (CC-BY-NC-ND) true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
title |
An investigation into the leaching of micro and nano particles and chemical pollutants from disposable face masks - linked to the COVID-19 pandemic |
spellingShingle |
An investigation into the leaching of micro and nano particles and chemical pollutants from disposable face masks - linked to the COVID-19 pandemic Geraint L. Sullivan Javier Delgado Gallardo Trystan Watson Sarper Sarp |
title_short |
An investigation into the leaching of micro and nano particles and chemical pollutants from disposable face masks - linked to the COVID-19 pandemic |
title_full |
An investigation into the leaching of micro and nano particles and chemical pollutants from disposable face masks - linked to the COVID-19 pandemic |
title_fullStr |
An investigation into the leaching of micro and nano particles and chemical pollutants from disposable face masks - linked to the COVID-19 pandemic |
title_full_unstemmed |
An investigation into the leaching of micro and nano particles and chemical pollutants from disposable face masks - linked to the COVID-19 pandemic |
title_sort |
An investigation into the leaching of micro and nano particles and chemical pollutants from disposable face masks - linked to the COVID-19 pandemic |
author_id_str_mv |
c3b9c5e1e6357330527c1a63a479b0f3 1a35cea6f5d5e28ee22fc2d490e102d2 a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457 ca341f0a3e516f888e12d2710d06e043 |
author_id_fullname_str_mv |
c3b9c5e1e6357330527c1a63a479b0f3_***_Geraint L. Sullivan 1a35cea6f5d5e28ee22fc2d490e102d2_***_Javier Delgado Gallardo a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457_***_Trystan Watson ca341f0a3e516f888e12d2710d06e043_***_Sarper Sarp |
author |
Geraint L. Sullivan Javier Delgado Gallardo Trystan Watson Sarper Sarp |
author2 |
Geraint L. Sullivan Javier Delgado Gallardo Trystan Watson Sarper Sarp |
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Water Research |
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10.1016/j.watres.2021.117033 |
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Elsevier BV |
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description |
The production of disposable plastic face masks (DPFs) in China alone has reached to approximately 200 million a day, in a global effort to tackle the spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, improper and unregulated disposals of these DPFs has been and will continue to intensify the plastic pollution problem we are already facing. This study focuses on the emission of pollutants from 7 DPF brands that were submerged in water to simulate environmental conditions if these DPFs were littered. The DPF leachates were filtered by inorganic membranes, and both particle-deposited organic membranes and the filtrates were characterized using techniques such as FTIR, SEM-EDX, Light Microscopy, ICP-MS and LC-MS. Micro and nano scale polymeric fibres, particles, siliceous fragments and leachable inorganic and organic chemicals were observed from all of the tested DPFs. Traces of concerning heavy metals (i.e. lead up to 6.79 µg/L) were detected in association with silicon containing fragments. ICP-MS also confirmed the presence of other leachable metals like cadmium (up to 1.92 µg/L), antimony (up to 393 µg/L) and copper (up to 4.17 µg/L). LC-MS analysis identified polar leachable organic species related to plastic additives and contaminants; polyamide-66 monomer and oligomers (nylon-66 synthesis), surfactant molecules, dye-like molecules and polyethylene glycol were all tentatively identified in the leachate. The toxicity of some of the chemicals found and the postulated risks of the rest of the present particles and molecules, raises the question of whether DPFs are safe to be used on a daily basis and what consequences are to be expected after their disposal into the environment. |
published_date |
2021-05-15T04:11:19Z |
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1763753779416530944 |
score |
11.021648 |