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Development of Printable Graphene Electrochemical Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring and Medical Applications / LUE WANG

Swansea University Author: LUE WANG

  • E-Thesis – open access under embargo until: 11th October 2026

DOI (Published version): 10.23889/SUthesis.58778

Abstract

Algal bloom is a type of harmful water pollution, which is mainly caused by the cyanobacteria or dinoflagellate that releases a variety of algal toxins into a water source. Among them, microcystins are often detected, of which microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) is known as one of the most toxic va...

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Published: Swansea 2021
Institution: Swansea University
Degree level: Doctoral
Degree name: Ph.D
Supervisor: Teng, K.S ; Deganello, D.
URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa58778
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first_indexed 2021-11-24T17:31:01Z
last_indexed 2021-11-25T04:18:07Z
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Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a type of herpes virus that can widely spread via mucous contact, resulting in many severe symptoms or even death especially for infants, pregnant women and immunocompromised patients if there is no timely diagnosis. Following these reasons, there is an urgent need to develop a commercially viable and sensitive monitoring system to reach a rapid identification on water quality or human health. This work mainly focuses on the development of vertically aligned graphene (VAG) electrodes through the novel use of flexographic printing and photonic annealing techniques for highly sensitive detection of biological targets using non-Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For the detection of MC-LR, the biosensor achieved an low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.2 ng/L via baseline method. In the baseline method, measurement was first performed using PBS. After that, measurement was then performed on antigen solution drop-casted on the biosensor. The biosensing response between PBS and antigen acquired at a specific frequency was dependent on the target concentration. The biosensor also exhibited excellent selectivity with high percentage of recovery (i.e., 91.8 %) and stability (i.e., 108.8 % and 99.4 % after one and three weeks, respectively). Moreover, similar good performance (i.e., 98.4%) was observed in tap water spiked with the antigen. As for the detection of CMV pp65-antigen, biosensing results showed a good linearity when tested on the control group (i.e., 0 ng/mL) up to 38,500 ng/mL of the antigen concentration using the same baseline measurement. The VAG biosensor showed a dynamic range of between 3.85 and 38,500 ng/mL for the detection of HCMV pp65-antigen, which matches with the clinically relevant range of 102 ~ 106 genomes/mL based on measurement performed on viral loaded urine samples using PCR technique. Measurements on the target concentration using the biosensor were also performed using a non-baseline method. In this method, only the antigen solution was used throughout the measurement, where the biosensing result was determined by the difference in the response recorded at the start of measurement and after a certain incubation duration at a specific frequency. In particular, the change in phase showed a strong correlation against the target concentration. The biosensing response for the control group (i.e., 0.38&#xB0;&#xB1;0.191&#xB0;) up to 38,500 ng/mL (i.e., 2.26&#xB0;&#xB1;0.543&#xB0;) antigen concentration was highly comparable to those (i.e., 0.16&#xB0;&#xB1;0.0854&#xB0; for the control group and 2.21&#xB0;&#xB1;0.105&#xB0; for 38,500 ng/mL) derived from the baseline method, implying the strong feasibility of the non-baseline testing.</abstract><type>E-Thesis</type><journal/><volume/><journalNumber/><paginationStart/><paginationEnd/><publisher/><placeOfPublication>Swansea</placeOfPublication><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint/><issnElectronic/><keywords/><publishedDay>24</publishedDay><publishedMonth>11</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2021</publishedYear><publishedDate>2021-11-24</publishedDate><doi>10.23889/SUthesis.58778</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><supervisor>Teng, K.S ; Deganello, D.</supervisor><degreelevel>Doctoral</degreelevel><degreename>Ph.D</degreename><apcterm/><lastEdited>2021-11-24T17:45:04.0617720</lastEdited><Created>2021-11-24T17:20:55.9207006</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised</level></path><authors><author><firstname>LUE</firstname><surname>WANG</surname><order>1</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>Under embargo</filename><originalFilename>Under embargo</originalFilename><uploaded>2021-11-24T17:38:52.4106604</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>26917259</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>E-Thesis &#x2013; open access</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><embargoDate>2026-10-11T00:00:00.0000000</embargoDate><documentNotes>Copyright: The author, Lue Wang, 2021.</documentNotes><copyrightCorrect>true</copyrightCorrect><language>eng</language></document></documents><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling 2021-11-24T17:45:04.0617720 v2 58778 2021-11-24 Development of Printable Graphene Electrochemical Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring and Medical Applications 0ecb776069723decc87717028273a1ed LUE WANG LUE WANG true false 2021-11-24 Algal bloom is a type of harmful water pollution, which is mainly caused by the cyanobacteria or dinoflagellate that releases a variety of algal toxins into a water source. Among them, microcystins are often detected, of which microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) is known as one of the most toxic variants that has received a great amount of attention due to its serious consequences after ingestion such as irreversible organ damage or even death. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a type of herpes virus that can widely spread via mucous contact, resulting in many severe symptoms or even death especially for infants, pregnant women and immunocompromised patients if there is no timely diagnosis. Following these reasons, there is an urgent need to develop a commercially viable and sensitive monitoring system to reach a rapid identification on water quality or human health. This work mainly focuses on the development of vertically aligned graphene (VAG) electrodes through the novel use of flexographic printing and photonic annealing techniques for highly sensitive detection of biological targets using non-Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For the detection of MC-LR, the biosensor achieved an low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.2 ng/L via baseline method. In the baseline method, measurement was first performed using PBS. After that, measurement was then performed on antigen solution drop-casted on the biosensor. The biosensing response between PBS and antigen acquired at a specific frequency was dependent on the target concentration. The biosensor also exhibited excellent selectivity with high percentage of recovery (i.e., 91.8 %) and stability (i.e., 108.8 % and 99.4 % after one and three weeks, respectively). Moreover, similar good performance (i.e., 98.4%) was observed in tap water spiked with the antigen. As for the detection of CMV pp65-antigen, biosensing results showed a good linearity when tested on the control group (i.e., 0 ng/mL) up to 38,500 ng/mL of the antigen concentration using the same baseline measurement. The VAG biosensor showed a dynamic range of between 3.85 and 38,500 ng/mL for the detection of HCMV pp65-antigen, which matches with the clinically relevant range of 102 ~ 106 genomes/mL based on measurement performed on viral loaded urine samples using PCR technique. Measurements on the target concentration using the biosensor were also performed using a non-baseline method. In this method, only the antigen solution was used throughout the measurement, where the biosensing result was determined by the difference in the response recorded at the start of measurement and after a certain incubation duration at a specific frequency. In particular, the change in phase showed a strong correlation against the target concentration. The biosensing response for the control group (i.e., 0.38°±0.191°) up to 38,500 ng/mL (i.e., 2.26°±0.543°) antigen concentration was highly comparable to those (i.e., 0.16°±0.0854° for the control group and 2.21°±0.105° for 38,500 ng/mL) derived from the baseline method, implying the strong feasibility of the non-baseline testing. E-Thesis Swansea 24 11 2021 2021-11-24 10.23889/SUthesis.58778 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University Teng, K.S ; Deganello, D. Doctoral Ph.D 2021-11-24T17:45:04.0617720 2021-11-24T17:20:55.9207006 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised LUE WANG 1 Under embargo Under embargo 2021-11-24T17:38:52.4106604 Output 26917259 application/pdf E-Thesis – open access true 2026-10-11T00:00:00.0000000 Copyright: The author, Lue Wang, 2021. true eng
title Development of Printable Graphene Electrochemical Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring and Medical Applications
spellingShingle Development of Printable Graphene Electrochemical Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring and Medical Applications
LUE WANG
title_short Development of Printable Graphene Electrochemical Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring and Medical Applications
title_full Development of Printable Graphene Electrochemical Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring and Medical Applications
title_fullStr Development of Printable Graphene Electrochemical Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring and Medical Applications
title_full_unstemmed Development of Printable Graphene Electrochemical Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring and Medical Applications
title_sort Development of Printable Graphene Electrochemical Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring and Medical Applications
author_id_str_mv 0ecb776069723decc87717028273a1ed
author_id_fullname_str_mv 0ecb776069723decc87717028273a1ed_***_LUE WANG
author LUE WANG
author2 LUE WANG
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publishDate 2021
institution Swansea University
doi_str_mv 10.23889/SUthesis.58778
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised
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description Algal bloom is a type of harmful water pollution, which is mainly caused by the cyanobacteria or dinoflagellate that releases a variety of algal toxins into a water source. Among them, microcystins are often detected, of which microcystin-leucine-arginine (MC-LR) is known as one of the most toxic variants that has received a great amount of attention due to its serious consequences after ingestion such as irreversible organ damage or even death. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a type of herpes virus that can widely spread via mucous contact, resulting in many severe symptoms or even death especially for infants, pregnant women and immunocompromised patients if there is no timely diagnosis. Following these reasons, there is an urgent need to develop a commercially viable and sensitive monitoring system to reach a rapid identification on water quality or human health. This work mainly focuses on the development of vertically aligned graphene (VAG) electrodes through the novel use of flexographic printing and photonic annealing techniques for highly sensitive detection of biological targets using non-Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). For the detection of MC-LR, the biosensor achieved an low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.2 ng/L via baseline method. In the baseline method, measurement was first performed using PBS. After that, measurement was then performed on antigen solution drop-casted on the biosensor. The biosensing response between PBS and antigen acquired at a specific frequency was dependent on the target concentration. The biosensor also exhibited excellent selectivity with high percentage of recovery (i.e., 91.8 %) and stability (i.e., 108.8 % and 99.4 % after one and three weeks, respectively). Moreover, similar good performance (i.e., 98.4%) was observed in tap water spiked with the antigen. As for the detection of CMV pp65-antigen, biosensing results showed a good linearity when tested on the control group (i.e., 0 ng/mL) up to 38,500 ng/mL of the antigen concentration using the same baseline measurement. The VAG biosensor showed a dynamic range of between 3.85 and 38,500 ng/mL for the detection of HCMV pp65-antigen, which matches with the clinically relevant range of 102 ~ 106 genomes/mL based on measurement performed on viral loaded urine samples using PCR technique. Measurements on the target concentration using the biosensor were also performed using a non-baseline method. In this method, only the antigen solution was used throughout the measurement, where the biosensing result was determined by the difference in the response recorded at the start of measurement and after a certain incubation duration at a specific frequency. In particular, the change in phase showed a strong correlation against the target concentration. The biosensing response for the control group (i.e., 0.38°±0.191°) up to 38,500 ng/mL (i.e., 2.26°±0.543°) antigen concentration was highly comparable to those (i.e., 0.16°±0.0854° for the control group and 2.21°±0.105° for 38,500 ng/mL) derived from the baseline method, implying the strong feasibility of the non-baseline testing.
published_date 2021-11-24T04:15:35Z
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score 11.017797

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