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Sanitizing efficacy of an environmentally friendly combination hot tub product – eco3spa / KYRIAKI KARAGIANNI

Swansea University Author: KYRIAKI KARAGIANNI

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Abstract

Hot tub use is becoming increasingly popular in the UK. However, incorrect maintenance and cleaning can lead to the development of a vast variety of biofilms formed by microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen. The ease of proliferation and challen...

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Published: Swansea 2022
Institution: Swansea University
Degree level: Master of Research
Degree name: MSc by Research
Supervisor: Van Keulen, Geertje ; Tizaoui, Chedly ; Phillips, Christopher O.
URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa59100
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first_indexed 2022-01-06T13:09:56Z
last_indexed 2022-01-07T04:26:50Z
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spelling 2022-01-06T13:34:20.9170962 v2 59100 2022-01-06 Sanitizing efficacy of an environmentally friendly combination hot tub product – eco3spa 7f82f6e3ab739500a68424439b0776fd KYRIAKI KARAGIANNI KYRIAKI KARAGIANNI true false 2022-01-06 Hot tub use is becoming increasingly popular in the UK. However, incorrect maintenance and cleaning can lead to the development of a vast variety of biofilms formed by microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen. The ease of proliferation and challenging removal of P. aeruginosa biofilms are of especially great importance to immunocompromised and elderly people, who can be vulnerable to such opportunistic infections. The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of a newly developed, environmentally friendly water sanitation, biofilm prevention and removal combination product for the domestic hot tub sector. The product includes active oxygen which is combined with a water conditioner and surfactants whose activities were tested against planktonic growth and biofilm formation. E. coli K12 or P. aeruginosa PA01 cells were grown and biofilms established under static conditions at 37 and 25°C which are standard hot tub operational and down-time temperatures, respectively. A range of product concentrations and combinations were assessed over a hot tub-relevant pH range for determining their efficacy of inhibiting planktonic growth and biofilm prevention and removal properties. Results indicated that in standard operating procedure conditions, active oxygen in the recommended concentration for use as well as up to ten times more dilute is effective at preventing planktonic growth and biofilm formation in both species across both temperatures and all pH levels tested. In addition, the combination with the water conditioner appeared to neither inhibit nor enhance active oxygen activity. Light and fluorescence microscopy suggested the active oxygen by itself or in combination with the conditioner may lead to viable-but-non-culturable cell formation. This study has provided novel insights on the activity of active oxygen over a range of three pH and two temperatures, and the results generated may assist in the development of new antimicrobial or disinfecting formulations. Additionally, the industrial sponsor can now make scientifically substantiated claims about the sanitizing efficacy of their products and promote the use of an eco-friendly, non-toxic alternative to chlorine for the domestic hot tub sector. E-Thesis Swansea Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, hot tub, active oxygen, chlorine 6 1 2022 2022-01-06 A selection of third party content is redacted or is partially redacted from this thesis due to copyright restrictions.ORCiD identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1805-9479 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University Van Keulen, Geertje ; Tizaoui, Chedly ; Phillips, Christopher O. Master of Research MSc by Research Industrial sponsor: eco3spa. The master’s was funded by the he M2A project which has been supported by the European Social Fund through the Welsh Government 2022-01-06T13:34:20.9170962 2022-01-06T13:06:32.6590375 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised KYRIAKI KARAGIANNI 1 59100__22053__32b5a4f051df40b796dcc4f1711f7310.pdf Karagianni_Kyriaki_MSc_by_Research_Thesis_Final_Redacted.pdf 2022-01-06T13:26:48.8755385 Output 14293968 application/pdf Redacted version - open access true Copyright: The author, Kyriaki Karagianni, 2021. true eng
title Sanitizing efficacy of an environmentally friendly combination hot tub product – eco3spa
spellingShingle Sanitizing efficacy of an environmentally friendly combination hot tub product – eco3spa
KYRIAKI KARAGIANNI
title_short Sanitizing efficacy of an environmentally friendly combination hot tub product – eco3spa
title_full Sanitizing efficacy of an environmentally friendly combination hot tub product – eco3spa
title_fullStr Sanitizing efficacy of an environmentally friendly combination hot tub product – eco3spa
title_full_unstemmed Sanitizing efficacy of an environmentally friendly combination hot tub product – eco3spa
title_sort Sanitizing efficacy of an environmentally friendly combination hot tub product – eco3spa
author_id_str_mv 7f82f6e3ab739500a68424439b0776fd
author_id_fullname_str_mv 7f82f6e3ab739500a68424439b0776fd_***_KYRIAKI KARAGIANNI
author KYRIAKI KARAGIANNI
author2 KYRIAKI KARAGIANNI
format E-Thesis
publishDate 2022
institution Swansea University
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised
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description Hot tub use is becoming increasingly popular in the UK. However, incorrect maintenance and cleaning can lead to the development of a vast variety of biofilms formed by microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen. The ease of proliferation and challenging removal of P. aeruginosa biofilms are of especially great importance to immunocompromised and elderly people, who can be vulnerable to such opportunistic infections. The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of a newly developed, environmentally friendly water sanitation, biofilm prevention and removal combination product for the domestic hot tub sector. The product includes active oxygen which is combined with a water conditioner and surfactants whose activities were tested against planktonic growth and biofilm formation. E. coli K12 or P. aeruginosa PA01 cells were grown and biofilms established under static conditions at 37 and 25°C which are standard hot tub operational and down-time temperatures, respectively. A range of product concentrations and combinations were assessed over a hot tub-relevant pH range for determining their efficacy of inhibiting planktonic growth and biofilm prevention and removal properties. Results indicated that in standard operating procedure conditions, active oxygen in the recommended concentration for use as well as up to ten times more dilute is effective at preventing planktonic growth and biofilm formation in both species across both temperatures and all pH levels tested. In addition, the combination with the water conditioner appeared to neither inhibit nor enhance active oxygen activity. Light and fluorescence microscopy suggested the active oxygen by itself or in combination with the conditioner may lead to viable-but-non-culturable cell formation. This study has provided novel insights on the activity of active oxygen over a range of three pH and two temperatures, and the results generated may assist in the development of new antimicrobial or disinfecting formulations. Additionally, the industrial sponsor can now make scientifically substantiated claims about the sanitizing efficacy of their products and promote the use of an eco-friendly, non-toxic alternative to chlorine for the domestic hot tub sector.
published_date 2022-01-06T04:16:08Z
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score 11.012678

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