Analysing the Red Blood Cell Adhesion to the Dialysis Membrane Using the Flow Cell System: Analysis of the Polysulfone and polyethersulfone topography

JOLOMBA, PATRICK

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Analysing the Red Blood Cell Adhesion to the Dialysis Membrane Using the Flow Cell System: Analysis of the Polysulfone and polyethersulfone topography / PATRICK JOLOMBA

Swansea University Author: PATRICK JOLOMBA

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Abstract

Background. Red blood cell (RBC) survival in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients contributes to their anaemia. It has been suggested that the toxic uremic environment accounts for the decreased RBC life span in this group of patients (Vos et al., 2011). These patients are also treated with Haemodi...

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Published:	Swansea 2020
Institution:	Swansea University
Degree level:	Master of Research
Degree name:	MSc by Research
Supervisor:	Meissner, Kenith
URI:	https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa59716
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The contribution of mechanical damage caused by the extracorporeal devices and the dialysis membranes to the shortened life span of the RBC is still unclear. However, the minimised percentage of the RBC of up to 70% in RBC survival has been reported in CKD patients undergoing Haemodialysis (Vos et al., 2011). To contribute to this field, this study focused on exploring the adhesiveness of the RBC to the dialysis membrane material. This scientific curiosity was triggered by the researcher observing that some dialysis membranes remained pinkish in colour following a dialysis session while others were not, despite rinsing these materials with the same volume of the dialysate solution, or 0.9% of sodium chloride. Currently, there are many different synthetic dialysis membranes in wide use that are made with some of the following polymers: polyethersulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, polysulfone and their copolymers. It should be noted that whilst these are all generally in use, it has been observed by the researcher that the most popular ones tend to be the polysulfone and the polyethersulfone, hence this study focusing primarily on these two. Dialysis is a scientific procedure that is based on selective separation by diffusion of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane to separate molecules based on their size and weight. This scientific technique is used for a wide variety of applications such as blood purification, virus purification and water treatment. In blood purification, a buffer solution called the dialysate is placed on the opposite sides of a dialysis membrane which contains pores of a varying size range depending on the molecules to be separated. Molecules that are larger than the pores are retained on the inner side of the membrane, but small molecules pass through the membrane pores, reducing the concentration of those molecules (Hakim, Fearon and Lazarus, 1984). Methods. The aim of this study is to investigate the adhesiveness of the red blood cells (RBC) to the polysulfone (PSU) and polyethersulfone (PESU) material used in Haemodialysis. A flow cell system that resembles the HD procedure was put together for the RBC to flow on the PSU, PESU and the glass slide (control) over a period of three hours. At the end of the three-hour period, an optical microscope was used to count and assess the number of RBCs adhering to the surface of these materials. The surface topography of these materials were studied using the Peak Force Atomic Force microscope (PK-AFM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the Goniometer, to investigate the surface roughness, similarities and dissimilarities between these membranes and wettability. Results. The t-test was performed to compare adhesion results of the RBC to these materials. A Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was applied to compare the distributions of unmatched groups. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered signiﬁcant. Correlation was calculated with Spearman correlation coefﬁcient and p-value (P > 0.05). The AFM and SEM affirmed and quantified that these membranes appeared to be different. They were both confirmed to be hydrophobic, while the glass (control) was hydrophilic. However, there was no obvious significant statistical difference between polysulfone membrane and polyethersulfone membrane adhesion to the RBC. Conclusion. Despite lack of the significant statistical difference in the RBC adhesion between the PSU and PESU, there was a clear trend that the RBC adhered more to the rougher material (PESU) than the less rough (PSU). 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spelling	2022-03-28T15:21:11.6958977 v2 59716 2022-03-28 Analysing the Red Blood Cell Adhesion to the Dialysis Membrane Using the Flow Cell System: Analysis of the Polysulfone and polyethersulfone topography e225796f657c676eeb7ccc57f8680e7a PATRICK JOLOMBA PATRICK JOLOMBA true false 2022-03-28 Background. Red blood cell (RBC) survival in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients contributes to their anaemia. It has been suggested that the toxic uremic environment accounts for the decreased RBC life span in this group of patients (Vos et al., 2011). These patients are also treated with Haemodialysis (HD), which is argued to contribute to comorbidities such as anemia. The contribution of mechanical damage caused by the extracorporeal devices and the dialysis membranes to the shortened life span of the RBC is still unclear. However, the minimised percentage of the RBC of up to 70% in RBC survival has been reported in CKD patients undergoing Haemodialysis (Vos et al., 2011). To contribute to this field, this study focused on exploring the adhesiveness of the RBC to the dialysis membrane material. This scientific curiosity was triggered by the researcher observing that some dialysis membranes remained pinkish in colour following a dialysis session while others were not, despite rinsing these materials with the same volume of the dialysate solution, or 0.9% of sodium chloride. Currently, there are many different synthetic dialysis membranes in wide use that are made with some of the following polymers: polyethersulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, polysulfone and their copolymers. It should be noted that whilst these are all generally in use, it has been observed by the researcher that the most popular ones tend to be the polysulfone and the polyethersulfone, hence this study focusing primarily on these two. Dialysis is a scientific procedure that is based on selective separation by diffusion of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane to separate molecules based on their size and weight. This scientific technique is used for a wide variety of applications such as blood purification, virus purification and water treatment. In blood purification, a buffer solution called the dialysate is placed on the opposite sides of a dialysis membrane which contains pores of a varying size range depending on the molecules to be separated. Molecules that are larger than the pores are retained on the inner side of the membrane, but small molecules pass through the membrane pores, reducing the concentration of those molecules (Hakim, Fearon and Lazarus, 1984). Methods. The aim of this study is to investigate the adhesiveness of the red blood cells (RBC) to the polysulfone (PSU) and polyethersulfone (PESU) material used in Haemodialysis. A flow cell system that resembles the HD procedure was put together for the RBC to flow on the PSU, PESU and the glass slide (control) over a period of three hours. At the end of the three-hour period, an optical microscope was used to count and assess the number of RBCs adhering to the surface of these materials. The surface topography of these materials were studied using the Peak Force Atomic Force microscope (PK-AFM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the Goniometer, to investigate the surface roughness, similarities and dissimilarities between these membranes and wettability. Results. The t-test was performed to compare adhesion results of the RBC to these materials. A Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was applied to compare the distributions of unmatched groups. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered signiﬁcant. Correlation was calculated with Spearman correlation coefﬁcient and p-value (P > 0.05). The AFM and SEM affirmed and quantified that these membranes appeared to be different. They were both confirmed to be hydrophobic, while the glass (control) was hydrophilic. However, there was no obvious significant statistical difference between polysulfone membrane and polyethersulfone membrane adhesion to the RBC. Conclusion. Despite lack of the significant statistical difference in the RBC adhesion between the PSU and PESU, there was a clear trend that the RBC adhered more to the rougher material (PESU) than the less rough (PSU). Hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the material did not seem to have an impact on the RBC adhering to the surface of these materials. E-Thesis Swansea 5 11 2020 2020-11-05 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University Meissner, Kenith Master of Research MSc by Research 2022-03-28T15:21:11.6958977 2022-03-28T14:47:45.5555413 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised PATRICK JOLOMBA 1 59716__23693__e2d24661313a4899b8550515db76e9da.pdf Jolomba_Patrick_MSc_Research_Thesis_Final_Cronfa.pdf 2022-03-28T15:15:54.9805473 Output 6817121 application/pdf E-Thesis – open access true Copyright: The author, Patrick L. Jolomba, 2020. true eng
title	Analysing the Red Blood Cell Adhesion to the Dialysis Membrane Using the Flow Cell System: Analysis of the Polysulfone and polyethersulfone topography
spellingShingle	Analysing the Red Blood Cell Adhesion to the Dialysis Membrane Using the Flow Cell System: Analysis of the Polysulfone and polyethersulfone topography PATRICK JOLOMBA
title_short	Analysing the Red Blood Cell Adhesion to the Dialysis Membrane Using the Flow Cell System: Analysis of the Polysulfone and polyethersulfone topography
title_full	Analysing the Red Blood Cell Adhesion to the Dialysis Membrane Using the Flow Cell System: Analysis of the Polysulfone and polyethersulfone topography
title_fullStr	Analysing the Red Blood Cell Adhesion to the Dialysis Membrane Using the Flow Cell System: Analysis of the Polysulfone and polyethersulfone topography
title_full_unstemmed	Analysing the Red Blood Cell Adhesion to the Dialysis Membrane Using the Flow Cell System: Analysis of the Polysulfone and polyethersulfone topography
title_sort	Analysing the Red Blood Cell Adhesion to the Dialysis Membrane Using the Flow Cell System: Analysis of the Polysulfone and polyethersulfone topography
author_id_str_mv	e225796f657c676eeb7ccc57f8680e7a
author_id_fullname_str_mv	e225796f657c676eeb7ccc57f8680e7a_***_PATRICK JOLOMBA
author	PATRICK JOLOMBA
author2	PATRICK JOLOMBA
format	E-Thesis
publishDate	2020
institution	Swansea University
college_str	Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id	facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title	Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id	facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title	Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str	School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised
document_store_str	1
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description	Background. Red blood cell (RBC) survival in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients contributes to their anaemia. It has been suggested that the toxic uremic environment accounts for the decreased RBC life span in this group of patients (Vos et al., 2011). These patients are also treated with Haemodialysis (HD), which is argued to contribute to comorbidities such as anemia. The contribution of mechanical damage caused by the extracorporeal devices and the dialysis membranes to the shortened life span of the RBC is still unclear. However, the minimised percentage of the RBC of up to 70% in RBC survival has been reported in CKD patients undergoing Haemodialysis (Vos et al., 2011). To contribute to this field, this study focused on exploring the adhesiveness of the RBC to the dialysis membrane material. This scientific curiosity was triggered by the researcher observing that some dialysis membranes remained pinkish in colour following a dialysis session while others were not, despite rinsing these materials with the same volume of the dialysate solution, or 0.9% of sodium chloride. Currently, there are many different synthetic dialysis membranes in wide use that are made with some of the following polymers: polyethersulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyamide, polysulfone and their copolymers. It should be noted that whilst these are all generally in use, it has been observed by the researcher that the most popular ones tend to be the polysulfone and the polyethersulfone, hence this study focusing primarily on these two. Dialysis is a scientific procedure that is based on selective separation by diffusion of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane to separate molecules based on their size and weight. This scientific technique is used for a wide variety of applications such as blood purification, virus purification and water treatment. In blood purification, a buffer solution called the dialysate is placed on the opposite sides of a dialysis membrane which contains pores of a varying size range depending on the molecules to be separated. Molecules that are larger than the pores are retained on the inner side of the membrane, but small molecules pass through the membrane pores, reducing the concentration of those molecules (Hakim, Fearon and Lazarus, 1984). Methods. The aim of this study is to investigate the adhesiveness of the red blood cells (RBC) to the polysulfone (PSU) and polyethersulfone (PESU) material used in Haemodialysis. A flow cell system that resembles the HD procedure was put together for the RBC to flow on the PSU, PESU and the glass slide (control) over a period of three hours. At the end of the three-hour period, an optical microscope was used to count and assess the number of RBCs adhering to the surface of these materials. The surface topography of these materials were studied using the Peak Force Atomic Force microscope (PK-AFM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the Goniometer, to investigate the surface roughness, similarities and dissimilarities between these membranes and wettability. Results. The t-test was performed to compare adhesion results of the RBC to these materials. A Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was applied to compare the distributions of unmatched groups. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered signiﬁcant. Correlation was calculated with Spearman correlation coefﬁcient and p-value (P > 0.05). The AFM and SEM affirmed and quantified that these membranes appeared to be different. They were both confirmed to be hydrophobic, while the glass (control) was hydrophilic. However, there was no obvious significant statistical difference between polysulfone membrane and polyethersulfone membrane adhesion to the RBC. Conclusion. Despite lack of the significant statistical difference in the RBC adhesion between the PSU and PESU, there was a clear trend that the RBC adhered more to the rougher material (PESU) than the less rough (PSU). Hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the material did not seem to have an impact on the RBC adhering to the surface of these materials.
published_date	2020-11-05T04:17:14Z
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score	11.016235

Analysing the Red Blood Cell Adhesion to the Dialysis Membrane Using the Flow Cell System: Analysis of the Polysulfone and polyethersulfone topography / PATRICK JOLOMBA

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