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Characterisation and Performance Evaluation of Calcium Treatment in Automotive Steels / JAMES RUSSELL

Swansea University Author: JAMES RUSSELL

DOI (Published version): 10.23889/SUthesis.59946

Abstract

Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) are seeing a dramatic usage increase in order to achieve the reduction in weight required for automotive vehicles to adhere to new legislation on emissions. This has resulted in the increase of use of Calcium (Ca), as a means of both oxide and sulphide-based incl...

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Published: Swansea 2020
Institution: Swansea University
Degree level: Doctoral
Degree name: EngD
Supervisor: Pleydell-Pearce, Cameron
URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa59946
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spelling 2022-05-03T15:44:09.4879263 v2 59946 2022-05-03 Characterisation and Performance Evaluation of Calcium Treatment in Automotive Steels a12654b66bfafdca149f95e67e35807d JAMES RUSSELL JAMES RUSSELL true false 2022-05-03 Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) are seeing a dramatic usage increase in order to achieve the reduction in weight required for automotive vehicles to adhere to new legislation on emissions. This has resulted in the increase of use of Calcium (Ca), as a means of both oxide and sulphide-based inclusion control. However, this process is not well understood, with no definitive answer on the level of Ca required to obtain adequate modification of the inclusion population within the steel. As a result, this thesis studied the level of Ca addition applied to the dual-phase steel grade, FB590, by analysing its Calcium Sulphur Ratio (Ca:S). This allowed for the level of modification needed to obtain the required mechanical properties to be studied. It was discovered that even at the low Ca:S of 0.23, sufficient modification of the inclusions was achieved to obtain these properties. Samples across the entire Ca:S range obtained a substantial increase in the number of ‘globular’ inclusions when compared to non-Calcium treated samples. The second aspect of this project was to automate the process of analysing the inclusion populations within the steel. Typically, this is done manually and is very time consuming. The resulting automated process analysed a stitched image of the entire sample surface (200mm2) taken at a typical magnification (100x) and was conducted as closely as possible to the BS EN 10247 and ASTM E45 standards. A custom macro was written that allowed this image to be broken up into fields, each of which were analysed individually, for both inclusion population and size. This method proved significantly less time consuming while generating a vast amount of data that would be unavailable utilising standard analysis techniques. The key problem with the technique, however, is that it did not include the ‘grouped’ inclusions stated in the standards. Nevertheless, EDS analysis proved that a significant proportion of these inclusions were in fact distinct globular inclusions and therefore not the inclusions separated by the polishing process that the standard assumes. A suggestion has been made to conduct all future inclusion analysis on FB590 at 500x magnification so as to reduce the negative effects of pixel size. A series of different regions would then be analysed to better ensure the accuracy of the results. E-Thesis Swansea Steel, Material Science, Engineering, Calcium Treatment, Manganese Sulphide, Calcium, Calcium Sulphide 4 7 2020 2020-07-04 10.23889/SUthesis.59946 ORCiD identifier: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7232-7385 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University Pleydell-Pearce, Cameron Doctoral EngD Sponsoring company, Tata Steel UK, and funding body, EPSRC through the MATTER scheme 2022-05-03T15:44:09.4879263 2022-05-03T13:34:34.2772585 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised JAMES RUSSELL 1 59946__23971__1c957366f60f4d559e247204048ca9b1.pdf Russell_James _EngD_Thesis_Final_Cronfa.pdf 2022-05-03T15:39:09.4801652 Output 22494393 application/pdf E-Thesis – open access true Copyright: The author, James E. Russell, 2020. true eng
title Characterisation and Performance Evaluation of Calcium Treatment in Automotive Steels
spellingShingle Characterisation and Performance Evaluation of Calcium Treatment in Automotive Steels
JAMES RUSSELL
title_short Characterisation and Performance Evaluation of Calcium Treatment in Automotive Steels
title_full Characterisation and Performance Evaluation of Calcium Treatment in Automotive Steels
title_fullStr Characterisation and Performance Evaluation of Calcium Treatment in Automotive Steels
title_full_unstemmed Characterisation and Performance Evaluation of Calcium Treatment in Automotive Steels
title_sort Characterisation and Performance Evaluation of Calcium Treatment in Automotive Steels
author_id_str_mv a12654b66bfafdca149f95e67e35807d
author_id_fullname_str_mv a12654b66bfafdca149f95e67e35807d_***_JAMES RUSSELL
author JAMES RUSSELL
author2 JAMES RUSSELL
format E-Thesis
publishDate 2020
institution Swansea University
doi_str_mv 10.23889/SUthesis.59946
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Uncategorised
document_store_str 1
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description Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) are seeing a dramatic usage increase in order to achieve the reduction in weight required for automotive vehicles to adhere to new legislation on emissions. This has resulted in the increase of use of Calcium (Ca), as a means of both oxide and sulphide-based inclusion control. However, this process is not well understood, with no definitive answer on the level of Ca required to obtain adequate modification of the inclusion population within the steel. As a result, this thesis studied the level of Ca addition applied to the dual-phase steel grade, FB590, by analysing its Calcium Sulphur Ratio (Ca:S). This allowed for the level of modification needed to obtain the required mechanical properties to be studied. It was discovered that even at the low Ca:S of 0.23, sufficient modification of the inclusions was achieved to obtain these properties. Samples across the entire Ca:S range obtained a substantial increase in the number of ‘globular’ inclusions when compared to non-Calcium treated samples. The second aspect of this project was to automate the process of analysing the inclusion populations within the steel. Typically, this is done manually and is very time consuming. The resulting automated process analysed a stitched image of the entire sample surface (200mm2) taken at a typical magnification (100x) and was conducted as closely as possible to the BS EN 10247 and ASTM E45 standards. A custom macro was written that allowed this image to be broken up into fields, each of which were analysed individually, for both inclusion population and size. This method proved significantly less time consuming while generating a vast amount of data that would be unavailable utilising standard analysis techniques. The key problem with the technique, however, is that it did not include the ‘grouped’ inclusions stated in the standards. Nevertheless, EDS analysis proved that a significant proportion of these inclusions were in fact distinct globular inclusions and therefore not the inclusions separated by the polishing process that the standard assumes. A suggestion has been made to conduct all future inclusion analysis on FB590 at 500x magnification so as to reduce the negative effects of pixel size. A series of different regions would then be analysed to better ensure the accuracy of the results.
published_date 2020-07-04T04:17:38Z
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score 11.016235

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