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Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies
Gavin D J Harper 
,
Emma Kendrick ,
Paul A Anderson ,
Wojciech Mrozik,
Paul Christensen ,
Simon Lambert,
David Greenwood ,
Prodip K Das ,
Mohamed Ahmeid,
Zoran Milojevic,
Wenjia Du ,
Dan J L Brett ,
Paul R Shearing ,
Alireza Rastegarpanah,
Rustam Stolkin,
Roberto Sommerville,
Anton Zorin,
Jessica L Durham,
Andrew P Abbott ,
Dana Thompson,
Nigel D Browning,
B Layla Mehdi,
Mounib Bahri,
Felipe Schanider-Tontini,
D Nicholls,
Christin Stallmeister,
Bernd Friedrich ,
Marcus Sommerfeld ,
Laura L Driscoll,
Abbey Jarvis ,
Emily C Giles ,
Peter R Slater ,
Virginia Echavarri-Bravo ,
Giovanni Maddalena ,
Louise E Horsfall,
Linda Gaines,
Qiang Dai,
Shiva J Jethwa,
Albert L Lipson,
Gary A Leeke,
Thomas Cowell,
Joseph Gresle Farthing,
Greta Mariani,
Amy Smith,
Zubera Iqbal,
Rabeeh Golmohammadzadeh,
Luke Sweeney,
Vannessa Goodship,
Zheng Li,
Jacqueline Edge ,
Laura Lander,
Viet Tien Nguyen,
Robert J R Elliot,
Oliver Heidrich,
Margaret Slattery,
Daniel Reed,
Jyoti Ahuja,
Aleksandra Cavoski,
Robert Lee,
Elizabeth Driscoll,
Jenny Baker ,
Peter Littlewood,
Iain Styles,
Sampriti Mahanty,
Frank Boons
,
Emma Kendrick ,
Paul A Anderson ,
Wojciech Mrozik,
Paul Christensen ,
Simon Lambert,
David Greenwood ,
Prodip K Das ,
Mohamed Ahmeid,
Zoran Milojevic,
Wenjia Du ,
Dan J L Brett ,
Paul R Shearing ,
Alireza Rastegarpanah,
Rustam Stolkin,
Roberto Sommerville,
Anton Zorin,
Jessica L Durham,
Andrew P Abbott ,
Dana Thompson,
Nigel D Browning,
B Layla Mehdi,
Mounib Bahri,
Felipe Schanider-Tontini,
D Nicholls,
Christin Stallmeister,
Bernd Friedrich ,
Marcus Sommerfeld ,
Laura L Driscoll,
Abbey Jarvis ,
Emily C Giles ,
Peter R Slater ,
Virginia Echavarri-Bravo ,
Giovanni Maddalena ,
Louise E Horsfall,
Linda Gaines,
Qiang Dai,
Shiva J Jethwa,
Albert L Lipson,
Gary A Leeke,
Thomas Cowell,
Joseph Gresle Farthing,
Greta Mariani,
Amy Smith,
Zubera Iqbal,
Rabeeh Golmohammadzadeh,
Luke Sweeney,
Vannessa Goodship,
Zheng Li,
Jacqueline Edge ,
Laura Lander,
Viet Tien Nguyen,
Robert J R Elliot,
Oliver Heidrich,
Margaret Slattery,
Daniel Reed,
Jyoti Ahuja,
Aleksandra Cavoski,
Robert Lee,
Elizabeth Driscoll,
Jenny Baker ,
Peter Littlewood,
Iain Styles,
Sampriti Mahanty,
Frank Boons
Journal of Physics: Energy, Volume: 5, Issue: 2, Start page: 021501
Swansea University Author:
Jenny Baker
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DOI (Published version): 10.1088/2515-7655/acaa57
Abstract
The market dynamics, and their impact on a future circular economy for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), are presented in this roadmap, with safety as an integral consideration throughout the life cycle. At the point of end-of-life (EOL), there is a range of potential options—remanufacturing, reuse and r...
| Published in: | Journal of Physics: Energy |
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| ISSN: | 2515-7655 |
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IOP Publishing
2023
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><rfc1807 xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"><bib-version>v2</bib-version><id>62794</id><entry>2023-03-06</entry><title>Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies</title><swanseaauthors><author><sid>6913b56f36f0c8cd34d8c9040d2df460</sid><ORCID>0000-0003-3530-1957</ORCID><firstname>Jenny</firstname><surname>Baker</surname><name>Jenny Baker</name><active>true</active><ethesisStudent>false</ethesisStudent></author></swanseaauthors><date>2023-03-06</date><deptcode>MECH</deptcode><abstract>The market dynamics, and their impact on a future circular economy for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), are presented in this roadmap, with safety as an integral consideration throughout the life cycle. At the point of end-of-life (EOL), there is a range of potential options—remanufacturing, reuse and recycling. Diagnostics play a significant role in evaluating the state-of-health and condition of batteries, and improvements to diagnostic techniques are evaluated. At present, manual disassembly dominates EOL disposal, however, given the volumes of future batteries that are to be anticipated, automated approaches to the dismantling of EOL battery packs will be key. The first stage in recycling after the removal of the cells is the initial cell-breaking or opening step. Approaches to this are reviewed, contrasting shredding and cell disassembly as two alternative approaches. Design for recycling is one approach that could assist in easier disassembly of cells, and new approaches to cell design that could enable the circular economy of LIBs are reviewed. After disassembly, subsequent separation of the black mass is performed before further concentration of components. There are a plethora of alternative approaches for recovering materials; this roadmap sets out the future directions for a range of approaches including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, short-loop, direct, and the biological recovery of LIB materials. Furthermore, anode, lithium, electrolyte, binder and plastics recovery are considered in order to maximise the proportion of materials recovered, minimise waste and point the way towards zero-waste recycling. The life-cycle implications of a circular economy are discussed considering the overall system of LIB recycling, and also directly investigating the different recycling methods. The legal and regulatory perspectives are also considered. Finally, with a view to the future, approaches for next-generation battery chemistries and recycling are evaluated, identifying gaps for research. This review takes the form of a series of short reviews, with each section written independently by a diverse international authorship of experts on the topic. Collectively, these reviews form a comprehensive picture of the current state of the art in LIB recycling, and how these technologies are expected to develop in the future.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Journal of Physics: Energy</journal><volume>5</volume><journalNumber>2</journalNumber><paginationStart>021501</paginationStart><paginationEnd/><publisher>IOP Publishing</publisher><placeOfPublication/><isbnPrint/><isbnElectronic/><issnPrint/><issnElectronic>2515-7655</issnElectronic><keywords/><publishedDay>1</publishedDay><publishedMonth>4</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2023</publishedYear><publishedDate>2023-04-01</publishedDate><doi>10.1088/2515-7655/acaa57</doi><url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acaa57</url><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Mechanical Engineering</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>MECH</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><apcterm/><funders>UKRI Interdisciplinary Circular Economy Centre for Technology Metals (Met4Tech) Grant</funders><projectreference>EP/V011855/1</projectreference><lastEdited>2023-04-20T16:39:15.3195398</lastEdited><Created>2023-03-06T10:40:11.3772635</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Gavin D J</firstname><surname>Harper</surname><orcid>0000-0002-4691-6642</orcid><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Emma</firstname><surname>Kendrick</surname><orcid>0000-0002-4219-964x</orcid><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Paul 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L</firstname><surname>Brett</surname><orcid>0000-0002-8545-3126</orcid><order>12</order></author><author><firstname>Paul R</firstname><surname>Shearing</surname><orcid>0000-0002-1387-9531</orcid><order>13</order></author><author><firstname>Alireza</firstname><surname>Rastegarpanah</surname><order>14</order></author><author><firstname>Rustam</firstname><surname>Stolkin</surname><order>15</order></author><author><firstname>Roberto</firstname><surname>Sommerville</surname><order>16</order></author><author><firstname>Anton</firstname><surname>Zorin</surname><order>17</order></author><author><firstname>Jessica L</firstname><surname>Durham</surname><order>18</order></author><author><firstname>Andrew P</firstname><surname>Abbott</surname><orcid>0000-0001-9556-8341</orcid><order>19</order></author><author><firstname>Dana</firstname><surname>Thompson</surname><order>20</order></author><author><firstname>Nigel D</firstname><surname>Browning</surname><order>21</order></author><author><firstname>B Layla</firstname><surname>Mehdi</surname><order>22</order></author><author><firstname>Mounib</firstname><surname>Bahri</surname><order>23</order></author><author><firstname>Felipe</firstname><surname>Schanider-Tontini</surname><order>24</order></author><author><firstname>D</firstname><surname>Nicholls</surname><order>25</order></author><author><firstname>Christin</firstname><surname>Stallmeister</surname><order>26</order></author><author><firstname>Bernd</firstname><surname>Friedrich</surname><orcid>0000-0002-2934-2034</orcid><order>27</order></author><author><firstname>Marcus</firstname><surname>Sommerfeld</surname><orcid>0000-0002-1560-6350</orcid><order>28</order></author><author><firstname>Laura L</firstname><surname>Driscoll</surname><order>29</order></author><author><firstname>Abbey</firstname><surname>Jarvis</surname><orcid>0000-0003-4421-904x</orcid><order>30</order></author><author><firstname>Emily C</firstname><surname>Giles</surname><orcid>0000-0001-9880-1102</orcid><order>31</order></author><author><firstname>Peter R</firstname><surname>Slater</surname><orcid>0000-0002-6280-7673</orcid><order>32</order></author><author><firstname>Virginia</firstname><surname>Echavarri-Bravo</surname><orcid>0000-0002-6105-4008</orcid><order>33</order></author><author><firstname>Giovanni</firstname><surname>Maddalena</surname><orcid>0000-0003-4233-911x</orcid><order>34</order></author><author><firstname>Louise E</firstname><surname>Horsfall</surname><order>35</order></author><author><firstname>Linda</firstname><surname>Gaines</surname><order>36</order></author><author><firstname>Qiang</firstname><surname>Dai</surname><order>37</order></author><author><firstname>Shiva J</firstname><surname>Jethwa</surname><order>38</order></author><author><firstname>Albert L</firstname><surname>Lipson</surname><order>39</order></author><author><firstname>Gary 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v2 62794 2023-03-06 Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies 6913b56f36f0c8cd34d8c9040d2df460 0000-0003-3530-1957 Jenny Baker Jenny Baker true false 2023-03-06 MECH The market dynamics, and their impact on a future circular economy for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), are presented in this roadmap, with safety as an integral consideration throughout the life cycle. At the point of end-of-life (EOL), there is a range of potential options—remanufacturing, reuse and recycling. Diagnostics play a significant role in evaluating the state-of-health and condition of batteries, and improvements to diagnostic techniques are evaluated. At present, manual disassembly dominates EOL disposal, however, given the volumes of future batteries that are to be anticipated, automated approaches to the dismantling of EOL battery packs will be key. The first stage in recycling after the removal of the cells is the initial cell-breaking or opening step. Approaches to this are reviewed, contrasting shredding and cell disassembly as two alternative approaches. Design for recycling is one approach that could assist in easier disassembly of cells, and new approaches to cell design that could enable the circular economy of LIBs are reviewed. After disassembly, subsequent separation of the black mass is performed before further concentration of components. There are a plethora of alternative approaches for recovering materials; this roadmap sets out the future directions for a range of approaches including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, short-loop, direct, and the biological recovery of LIB materials. Furthermore, anode, lithium, electrolyte, binder and plastics recovery are considered in order to maximise the proportion of materials recovered, minimise waste and point the way towards zero-waste recycling. The life-cycle implications of a circular economy are discussed considering the overall system of LIB recycling, and also directly investigating the different recycling methods. The legal and regulatory perspectives are also considered. Finally, with a view to the future, approaches for next-generation battery chemistries and recycling are evaluated, identifying gaps for research. This review takes the form of a series of short reviews, with each section written independently by a diverse international authorship of experts on the topic. Collectively, these reviews form a comprehensive picture of the current state of the art in LIB recycling, and how these technologies are expected to develop in the future. Journal Article Journal of Physics: Energy 5 2 021501 IOP Publishing 2515-7655 1 4 2023 2023-04-01 10.1088/2515-7655/acaa57 http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acaa57 COLLEGE NANME Mechanical Engineering COLLEGE CODE MECH Swansea University UKRI Interdisciplinary Circular Economy Centre for Technology Metals (Met4Tech) Grant EP/V011855/1 2023-04-20T16:39:15.3195398 2023-03-06T10:40:11.3772635 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Aerospace, Civil, Electrical, General and Mechanical Engineering - Mechanical Engineering Gavin D J Harper 0000-0002-4691-6642 1 Emma Kendrick 0000-0002-4219-964x 2 Paul A Anderson 0000-0002-0613-7281 3 Wojciech Mrozik 4 Paul Christensen 0000-0002-4974-2000 5 Simon Lambert 6 David Greenwood 0000-0001-8632-6033 7 Prodip K Das 0000-0001-9096-3721 8 Mohamed Ahmeid 9 Zoran Milojevic 10 Wenjia Du 0000-0001-8434-4764 11 Dan J L Brett 0000-0002-8545-3126 12 Paul R Shearing 0000-0002-1387-9531 13 Alireza Rastegarpanah 14 Rustam Stolkin 15 Roberto Sommerville 16 Anton Zorin 17 Jessica L Durham 18 Andrew P Abbott 0000-0001-9556-8341 19 Dana Thompson 20 Nigel D Browning 21 B Layla Mehdi 22 Mounib Bahri 23 Felipe Schanider-Tontini 24 D Nicholls 25 Christin Stallmeister 26 Bernd Friedrich 0000-0002-2934-2034 27 Marcus Sommerfeld 0000-0002-1560-6350 28 Laura L Driscoll 29 Abbey Jarvis 0000-0003-4421-904x 30 Emily C Giles 0000-0001-9880-1102 31 Peter R Slater 0000-0002-6280-7673 32 Virginia Echavarri-Bravo 0000-0002-6105-4008 33 Giovanni Maddalena 0000-0003-4233-911x 34 Louise E Horsfall 35 Linda Gaines 36 Qiang Dai 37 Shiva J Jethwa 38 Albert L Lipson 39 Gary A Leeke 40 Thomas Cowell 41 Joseph Gresle Farthing 42 Greta Mariani 43 Amy Smith 44 Zubera Iqbal 45 Rabeeh Golmohammadzadeh 46 Luke Sweeney 47 Vannessa Goodship 48 Zheng Li 49 Jacqueline Edge 0000-0003-4643-2426 50 Laura Lander 51 Viet Tien Nguyen 52 Robert J R Elliot 53 Oliver Heidrich 54 Margaret Slattery 55 Daniel Reed 56 Jyoti Ahuja 57 Aleksandra Cavoski 58 Robert Lee 59 Elizabeth Driscoll 60 Jenny Baker 0000-0003-3530-1957 61 Peter Littlewood 62 Iain Styles 63 Sampriti Mahanty 64 Frank Boons 65 62794__26747__5dd50da8562849169e5d21931a4b08f2.pdf 62794.pdf 2023-03-06T10:57:23.5549606 Output 12310828 application/pdf Version of Record true Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| title |
Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies |
| spellingShingle |
Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies Jenny Baker |
| title_short |
Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies |
| title_full |
Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies |
| title_fullStr |
Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies |
| title_sort |
Roadmap for a sustainable circular economy in lithium-ion and future battery technologies |
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6913b56f36f0c8cd34d8c9040d2df460 |
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6913b56f36f0c8cd34d8c9040d2df460_***_Jenny Baker |
| author |
Jenny Baker |
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Gavin D J Harper Emma Kendrick Paul A Anderson Wojciech Mrozik Paul Christensen Simon Lambert David Greenwood Prodip K Das Mohamed Ahmeid Zoran Milojevic Wenjia Du Dan J L Brett Paul R Shearing Alireza Rastegarpanah Rustam Stolkin Roberto Sommerville Anton Zorin Jessica L Durham Andrew P Abbott Dana Thompson Nigel D Browning B Layla Mehdi Mounib Bahri Felipe Schanider-Tontini D Nicholls Christin Stallmeister Bernd Friedrich Marcus Sommerfeld Laura L Driscoll Abbey Jarvis Emily C Giles Peter R Slater Virginia Echavarri-Bravo Giovanni Maddalena Louise E Horsfall Linda Gaines Qiang Dai Shiva J Jethwa Albert L Lipson Gary A Leeke Thomas Cowell Joseph Gresle Farthing Greta Mariani Amy Smith Zubera Iqbal Rabeeh Golmohammadzadeh Luke Sweeney Vannessa Goodship Zheng Li Jacqueline Edge Laura Lander Viet Tien Nguyen Robert J R Elliot Oliver Heidrich Margaret Slattery Daniel Reed Jyoti Ahuja Aleksandra Cavoski Robert Lee Elizabeth Driscoll Jenny Baker Peter Littlewood Iain Styles Sampriti Mahanty Frank Boons |
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Journal of Physics: Energy |
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2023 |
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10.1088/2515-7655/acaa57 |
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IOP Publishing |
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Faculty of Science and Engineering |
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| description |
The market dynamics, and their impact on a future circular economy for lithium-ion batteries (LIB), are presented in this roadmap, with safety as an integral consideration throughout the life cycle. At the point of end-of-life (EOL), there is a range of potential options—remanufacturing, reuse and recycling. Diagnostics play a significant role in evaluating the state-of-health and condition of batteries, and improvements to diagnostic techniques are evaluated. At present, manual disassembly dominates EOL disposal, however, given the volumes of future batteries that are to be anticipated, automated approaches to the dismantling of EOL battery packs will be key. The first stage in recycling after the removal of the cells is the initial cell-breaking or opening step. Approaches to this are reviewed, contrasting shredding and cell disassembly as two alternative approaches. Design for recycling is one approach that could assist in easier disassembly of cells, and new approaches to cell design that could enable the circular economy of LIBs are reviewed. After disassembly, subsequent separation of the black mass is performed before further concentration of components. There are a plethora of alternative approaches for recovering materials; this roadmap sets out the future directions for a range of approaches including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, short-loop, direct, and the biological recovery of LIB materials. Furthermore, anode, lithium, electrolyte, binder and plastics recovery are considered in order to maximise the proportion of materials recovered, minimise waste and point the way towards zero-waste recycling. The life-cycle implications of a circular economy are discussed considering the overall system of LIB recycling, and also directly investigating the different recycling methods. The legal and regulatory perspectives are also considered. Finally, with a view to the future, approaches for next-generation battery chemistries and recycling are evaluated, identifying gaps for research. This review takes the form of a series of short reviews, with each section written independently by a diverse international authorship of experts on the topic. Collectively, these reviews form a comprehensive picture of the current state of the art in LIB recycling, and how these technologies are expected to develop in the future. |
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2023-04-01T16:39:14Z |
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11.017797 |