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An observational human study investigating the effect of anabolic androgenic steroid use on the transcriptome of skeletal muscle and whole blood using RNA-Seq
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Giscard Lima ,
Guan Wang ,
Fernanda Rossell Malinsky,
Antonia Karanikolou,
Gregor Eichhorn,
Kumpei Tanisawa ,
Jonathan Ospina-Betancurt ,
Blair Hamilton ,
Paulette Y.O. Kumi ,
Jonathan Shurlock ,
Vasileios Skiadas,
Richard Twycross-Lewis ,
Liam Kilduff ,
Renan Paulo Martin ,
Garrett I. Ash ,
Cynthia Potter,
Fergus M. Guppy ,
Jane T. Seto ,
Chiara Fossati ,
Fabio Pigozzi ,
Paolo Borrione ,
Yannis Pitsiladis
BMC Medical Genomics, Volume: 16, Issue: 1
Swansea University Author:
Liam Kilduff
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DOI (Published version): 10.1186/s12920-023-01512-z
Abstract
BackgroundThe effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are largely illustrated through Androgen Receptor induced gene transcription, yet RNA-Seq has yet to be conducted on human whole blood and skeletal muscle. Investigating the transcriptional signature of AAS in blood may aid AAS detection an...
| Published in: | BMC Medical Genomics |
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| ISSN: | 1755-8794 |
| Published: |
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
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| Online Access: |
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| URI: | https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa63140 |
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| Abstract: |
BackgroundThe effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are largely illustrated through Androgen Receptor induced gene transcription, yet RNA-Seq has yet to be conducted on human whole blood and skeletal muscle. Investigating the transcriptional signature of AAS in blood may aid AAS detection and in muscle further understanding of AAS induced hypertrophy.MethodsMales aged 20–42 were recruited and sampled once: sedentary controls (C), resistance trained lifters (RT) and resistance trained current AAS users (RT-AS) who ceased exposure ≤ 2 or ≥ 10 weeks prior to sampling. RT-AS were sampled twice as Returning Participants (RP) if AAS usage ceased for ≥ 18 weeks. RNA was extracted from whole blood and trapezius muscle samples. RNA libraries were sequenced twice, for validation purposes, on the DNBSEQ-G400RS with either standard or CoolMPS PE100 reagents following MGI protocols. Genes were considered differentially expressed with FDR < 0.05 and a 1.2- fold change.ResultsCross-comparison of both standard reagent whole blood (N = 55: C = 7, RT = 20, RT-AS ≤ 2 = 14, RT-AS ≥ 10 = 10, RP = 4; N = 46: C = 6, RT = 17, RT-AS ≤ 2 = 12, RT-AS ≥ 10 = 8, RP = 3) sequencing datasets, showed that no genes or gene sets/pathways were differentially expressed between time points for RP or between group comparisons of RT-AS ≤ 2 vs. C, RT, or RT-AS ≥ 10. Cross-comparison of both muscle (N = 51, C = 5, RT = 17, RT-AS ≤ 2 = 15, RT-AS ≥ 10 = 11, RP = 3) sequencing (one standard & one CoolMPS reagent) datasets, showed one gene, CHRDL1, which has atrophying potential, was upregulated in RP visit two. In both muscle sequencing datasets, nine differentially expressed genes, overlapped with RT-AS ≤ 2 vs. RT and RT-AS ≤ 2 vs. C, but were not differentially expressed with RT vs. C, possibly suggesting they are from acute doping alone. No genes seemed to be differentially expressed in muscle after the long-term cessation of AAS, whereas a previous study found long term proteomic changes.ConclusionA whole blood transcriptional signature of AAS doping was not identified. However, RNA-Seq of muscle has identified numerous differentially expressed genes with known impacts on hypertrophic processes that may further our understanding on AAS induced hypertrophy. Differences in training regimens in participant groupings may have influenced results. Future studies should focus on longitudinal sampling pre, during and post-AAS exposure to better control for confounding variables. |
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| Keywords: |
Anabolic androgenic steroids, Doping, Skeletal muscle, Whole blood, RNA-Seq, Gene expression, Hypertrophy. |
| College: |
Faculty of Science and Engineering |
| Funders: |
The research and publication costs were funded by a research grant (16E11FP) from the World Anti-Doping Agency. This sponsor did not have a role in the design of the study and in collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, or in writing the manuscript. |
| Issue: |
1 |