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Understanding the sanitising efficacy of a new, environmentally friendly hot tub water treatment product, eco3spa / MICHAEL CHAU

Swansea University Author: MICHAEL CHAU

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Abstract

Infrequent cleaning increases the risk of biofilms being formed on hot tub surfaces and pipes by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This is aided by inappropriate use of biofilm control agents which promote antimicrobial resistance. This presents a challenge for water sanitation using biof...

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Published: Swansea, Wales, UK 2023
Institution: Swansea University
Degree level: Master of Research
Degree name: MSc by Research
Supervisor: van Keulen, Geertje., Tizaoui, Chedly. and Phillips, Christopher.
URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa63654
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first_indexed 2023-06-16T09:47:15Z
last_indexed 2023-06-16T09:47:15Z
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spelling v2 63654 2023-06-16 Understanding the sanitising efficacy of a new, environmentally friendly hot tub water treatment product, eco3spa 662e72bbc37d20d3282433e3b32d2cd6 MICHAEL CHAU MICHAEL CHAU true false 2023-06-16 Infrequent cleaning increases the risk of biofilms being formed on hot tub surfaces and pipes by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This is aided by inappropriate use of biofilm control agents which promote antimicrobial resistance. This presents a challenge for water sanitation using biofilm prevention and removal products.This study analysed the efficacy of an environmentally friendly 3-step biofilm prevention and removal product designed for hot tubs called eco3spa. Eco3spa contains Active Oxygen and a water conditioner which was assessed for growth and biofilm prevention properties. Eco3spa biofilm remover was tested in combination with Active Oxygen for biofilm removal properties.E. coli K12 and P. aeruginosa PA01 cultures were grown and biofilms formed under static conditions at 37oC, normal operating temperature and maintenance temperatures of 25oC. Various product concentrations were tested for growth and biofilm prevention from pH 5.2-8. Pre-formed biofilms were treated with biofilm removal products before subjection to dynamic forces to mimic the flushing of water and function of jets in hot tubs.Results revealed that recommended concentrations of Active Oxygen prevent growth and biofilm formation of E. coli and P. aeruginosa without losing efficacy from pH 5.2 to 8. Addition of the water conditioner does not enhance Active Oxygen activity in preventing growth and biofilm formation. Furthermore, Active Oxygen kills E. coli within 5 minutes and chemical stability is maintained for at least 7 days. Light and fluorescent microscopy illustrated that Active Oxygen in combination with the water conditioner may lead to viable but non-culturable cells.This study demonstrates the sanitising efficacy of eco3spa in hot tub environments where efficacy of Active Oxygen is maintained over a defined pH range. Therefore, the industrial sponsor has been provided with more insights into the sanitising efficacy of eco3spa which promotes a water treatment product with benefits over chlorine. E-Thesis Swansea, Wales, UK Active Oxygen, hot tub, chlorine, , water treatment, disinfectant, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1 6 2023 2023-06-01 COLLEGE NANME COLLEGE CODE Swansea University van Keulen, Geertje., Tizaoui, Chedly. and Phillips, Christopher. Master of Research MSc by Research Sponsored by the Materials and Manufacturing Academy with funding from the European Social Fund via Welsh Government (c808164) and industrial partner, Surespa Limited. 2023-06-16T10:51:50.6708532 2023-06-16T10:42:54.5794158 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering MICHAEL CHAU 1 63654__27868__7c6374b488824749a74cf77e7b0f0ee6.pdf 2023_Chau_MS-H.final.63654.pdf 2023-06-16T10:48:12.9910991 Output 3419639 application/pdf E-Thesis – open access true Copyright: The Author, Michael S.-H. Chau, 2023. true eng
title Understanding the sanitising efficacy of a new, environmentally friendly hot tub water treatment product, eco3spa
spellingShingle Understanding the sanitising efficacy of a new, environmentally friendly hot tub water treatment product, eco3spa
MICHAEL CHAU
title_short Understanding the sanitising efficacy of a new, environmentally friendly hot tub water treatment product, eco3spa
title_full Understanding the sanitising efficacy of a new, environmentally friendly hot tub water treatment product, eco3spa
title_fullStr Understanding the sanitising efficacy of a new, environmentally friendly hot tub water treatment product, eco3spa
title_full_unstemmed Understanding the sanitising efficacy of a new, environmentally friendly hot tub water treatment product, eco3spa
title_sort Understanding the sanitising efficacy of a new, environmentally friendly hot tub water treatment product, eco3spa
author_id_str_mv 662e72bbc37d20d3282433e3b32d2cd6
author_id_fullname_str_mv 662e72bbc37d20d3282433e3b32d2cd6_***_MICHAEL CHAU
author MICHAEL CHAU
author2 MICHAEL CHAU
format E-Thesis
publishDate 2023
institution Swansea University
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Infrequent cleaning increases the risk of biofilms being formed on hot tub surfaces and pipes by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This is aided by inappropriate use of biofilm control agents which promote antimicrobial resistance. This presents a challenge for water sanitation using biofilm prevention and removal products.This study analysed the efficacy of an environmentally friendly 3-step biofilm prevention and removal product designed for hot tubs called eco3spa. Eco3spa contains Active Oxygen and a water conditioner which was assessed for growth and biofilm prevention properties. Eco3spa biofilm remover was tested in combination with Active Oxygen for biofilm removal properties.E. coli K12 and P. aeruginosa PA01 cultures were grown and biofilms formed under static conditions at 37oC, normal operating temperature and maintenance temperatures of 25oC. Various product concentrations were tested for growth and biofilm prevention from pH 5.2-8. Pre-formed biofilms were treated with biofilm removal products before subjection to dynamic forces to mimic the flushing of water and function of jets in hot tubs.Results revealed that recommended concentrations of Active Oxygen prevent growth and biofilm formation of E. coli and P. aeruginosa without losing efficacy from pH 5.2 to 8. Addition of the water conditioner does not enhance Active Oxygen activity in preventing growth and biofilm formation. Furthermore, Active Oxygen kills E. coli within 5 minutes and chemical stability is maintained for at least 7 days. Light and fluorescent microscopy illustrated that Active Oxygen in combination with the water conditioner may lead to viable but non-culturable cells.This study demonstrates the sanitising efficacy of eco3spa in hot tub environments where efficacy of Active Oxygen is maintained over a defined pH range. Therefore, the industrial sponsor has been provided with more insights into the sanitising efficacy of eco3spa which promotes a water treatment product with benefits over chlorine.
published_date 2023-06-01T10:51:48Z
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score 11.012678

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