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Determination of the optimal dose and dosing strategy for effective l-menthol oral rinsing during exercise in hot environments

Owen Jeffries Orcid Logo, Godi Jibi, Joe Clark, Martin Barwood, Mark Waldron Orcid Logo

European Journal of Applied Physiology, Volume: 125, Issue: 3, Pages: 629 - 638

Swansea University Author: Mark Waldron Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1007/s00421-024-05609-w

Abstract

Purpose: This multi-study programme investigated the optimal concentration of L-menthol delivered as an oral mouth rinse to modulate thermo-behaviour during exercise in a hot environment (35 oC). Method: In study 1, 38 participants completed a survey to establish an effective and tolerable range of...

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Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology
ISSN: 1439-6319 1439-6327
Published: Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2025
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa67599
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spelling 2025-03-18T11:15:41.8185589 v2 67599 2024-09-06 Determination of the optimal dose and dosing strategy for effective l-menthol oral rinsing during exercise in hot environments 70db7c6c54d46f5e70b39e5ae0a056fa 0000-0002-2720-4615 Mark Waldron Mark Waldron true false 2024-09-06 EAAS Purpose: This multi-study programme investigated the optimal concentration of L-menthol delivered as an oral mouth rinse to modulate thermo-behaviour during exercise in a hot environment (35 oC). Method: In study 1, 38 participants completed a survey to establish an effective and tolerable range of L-menthol concentration. 31 participants completed an RPE-protocol examining 1. the dose-response effect of L-menthol mouth rinse on exercise performance (n = 16) and 2. the temporal effectiveness of administering L-menthol in an incremental and decremental dosing pattern (n = 15). Power output, heart rate, body core temperature and thermal sensation were reported throughout. Results: The optimal menthol concentration for peak power was between 0.01 & 0.1% (~6 % increase, P < 0.05) and 0.5% (~9 % increase, P < 0.05) with respect to control. Work completed was increased at 0.01% (~5 %, P < 0.05), at 0.1% (~3 %, P < 0.05) and had a detrimental effect at 0.5% (-10% decrease, P < 0.05). There were no differences between an ascending dose protocol (0.01 to 0.5 %), descending dose protocol (0.5 to 0.01 %) or a constant 0.01% dose protocol. There were no reported differences in body core temperature or heart rate across trials (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The optimal dose of L-menthol when delivered via oral rinsing is between 0.01 – 0.1 %. At lower concentrations, L-menthol appears to be less effective and at higher concentrations (>0.5%), L-menthol appears to elicit greater irritation and may not positively modulate thermo-behaviour during exercise in a hot environment. Journal Article European Journal of Applied Physiology 125 3 629 638 Springer Science and Business Media LLC 1439-6319 1439-6327 Thermoregulation; Perception; Menthol ; Heat; Dose–response; Performance 1 3 2025 2025-03-01 10.1007/s00421-024-05609-w COLLEGE NANME Engineering and Applied Sciences School COLLEGE CODE EAAS Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee 2025-03-18T11:15:41.8185589 2024-09-06T09:33:10.2976954 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences Owen Jeffries 0000-0002-8169-1100 1 Godi Jibi 2 Joe Clark 3 Martin Barwood 4 Mark Waldron 0000-0002-2720-4615 5 67599__32722__bb6a43aa6cf04c90b8df011c45685494.pdf 67599.VoR.pdf 2024-10-25T13:08:58.3742244 Output 1026393 application/pdf Version of Record true © The Author(s) 2024. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Determination of the optimal dose and dosing strategy for effective l-menthol oral rinsing during exercise in hot environments
spellingShingle Determination of the optimal dose and dosing strategy for effective l-menthol oral rinsing during exercise in hot environments
Mark Waldron
title_short Determination of the optimal dose and dosing strategy for effective l-menthol oral rinsing during exercise in hot environments
title_full Determination of the optimal dose and dosing strategy for effective l-menthol oral rinsing during exercise in hot environments
title_fullStr Determination of the optimal dose and dosing strategy for effective l-menthol oral rinsing during exercise in hot environments
title_full_unstemmed Determination of the optimal dose and dosing strategy for effective l-menthol oral rinsing during exercise in hot environments
title_sort Determination of the optimal dose and dosing strategy for effective l-menthol oral rinsing during exercise in hot environments
author_id_str_mv 70db7c6c54d46f5e70b39e5ae0a056fa
author_id_fullname_str_mv 70db7c6c54d46f5e70b39e5ae0a056fa_***_Mark Waldron
author Mark Waldron
author2 Owen Jeffries
Godi Jibi
Joe Clark
Martin Barwood
Mark Waldron
format Journal article
container_title European Journal of Applied Physiology
container_volume 125
container_issue 3
container_start_page 629
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 1439-6319
1439-6327
doi_str_mv 10.1007/s00421-024-05609-w
publisher Springer Science and Business Media LLC
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences
document_store_str 1
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description Purpose: This multi-study programme investigated the optimal concentration of L-menthol delivered as an oral mouth rinse to modulate thermo-behaviour during exercise in a hot environment (35 oC). Method: In study 1, 38 participants completed a survey to establish an effective and tolerable range of L-menthol concentration. 31 participants completed an RPE-protocol examining 1. the dose-response effect of L-menthol mouth rinse on exercise performance (n = 16) and 2. the temporal effectiveness of administering L-menthol in an incremental and decremental dosing pattern (n = 15). Power output, heart rate, body core temperature and thermal sensation were reported throughout. Results: The optimal menthol concentration for peak power was between 0.01 & 0.1% (~6 % increase, P < 0.05) and 0.5% (~9 % increase, P < 0.05) with respect to control. Work completed was increased at 0.01% (~5 %, P < 0.05), at 0.1% (~3 %, P < 0.05) and had a detrimental effect at 0.5% (-10% decrease, P < 0.05). There were no differences between an ascending dose protocol (0.01 to 0.5 %), descending dose protocol (0.5 to 0.01 %) or a constant 0.01% dose protocol. There were no reported differences in body core temperature or heart rate across trials (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The optimal dose of L-menthol when delivered via oral rinsing is between 0.01 – 0.1 %. At lower concentrations, L-menthol appears to be less effective and at higher concentrations (>0.5%), L-menthol appears to elicit greater irritation and may not positively modulate thermo-behaviour during exercise in a hot environment.
published_date 2025-03-01T05:22:06Z
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