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Between-Day Reliability of Kinematic Variables Using Markerless Motion Capture for Single-Leg Squat and Single-Leg Landing Tasks

Matias Yoma, Lee Herrington, Chelsea Starbuck Orcid Logo, Luis Llurda-Almuzara, Richard Jones

International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, Volume: 20, Issue: 8, Pages: 1160 - 1175

Swansea University Author: Chelsea Starbuck Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.26603/​001c.141870

Abstract

Background: Markerless motion capture has the potential to repeatedly collect biomechanical data during activities associated with injuries. Few studies have assessed reliability of this technology during single-leg tasks. Purpose: To examine the between-day reliability of trunk and lower limb kinem...

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Published in: International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
ISSN: 2159-2896
Published: North American Sports Medicine Institute (NASMI) 2025
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa69555
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Purpose: To examine the between-day reliability of trunk and lower limb kinematics during single-leg squat and single-leg landing tasks using markerless motion capture. To examine the between-day reliability of the same protocol using marker-based motion capture. Design: Reliability. Methods: Nineteen recreational athletes performed all tasks in two sessions, one week apart. Joint angles of trunk, hip, knee, and ankle were processed using Theia3D. A separate study (10 different participants) evaluated the reliability of marker-based motion capture. Full curve analysis was examined using root mean square difference (RMSD) and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) and discrete point analysis (initial contact and peak knee flexion) using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and standard error of measurement (SEM). Results: For full curve analysis, markerless motion capture demonstrated low mean RMSD for all joints and planes in both SLS (3.6&#x2DA;&#xB1;1.3&#x2DA;) and landing tasks (forward=3.2&#x2DA;&#xB1;1.3&#x2DA;; medial=3.4&#x2DA;&#xB1;1.7&#x2DA;). SPM showed statistical difference for bilateral hip flexion (full curve) and unilateral hip adduction, rotation, and knee flexion during a percentage of landing tasks. For discrete point analysis, ICC mean indicated moderate to good reliability (SLS= 0.77; forward landing= 0.83; medial landing= 0.80) with low mean SEM values (SLS=3.1&#xB0;&#xB1;1.3&#x2DA;; forward landing=2.3&#x2DA;&#xB1;0.9&#xB0;; medial landing=2.3&#x2DA;&#xB1;0.8&#x2DA;). Marker-based motion capture showed slightly higher mean RMSD (SLS=4.2&#x2DA;&#xB1;1.8&#x2DA;; forward landing=3.5&#x2DA;&#xB1;1.0&#x2DA;; medial landing=3.3&#x2DA;&#xB1;0.9) and SEM values (SLS=4.1&#x2DA;&#xB1;2.2&#x2DA;; forward landing=2.7&#x2DA;&#xB1;1.2&#xB0;; medial landing=2.8&#x2DA;&#xB1;1.2&#x2DA;). ICC mean showed good relative reliability (SLS=0.90; forward landing=0.88; medial landing=0.88). Hip flexion presented values &gt;5&#xB0; across tasks and technologies (5&#xB0; to 8&#xB0;). Conclusions: Markerless motion capture using Theia3D can reliably measure single-leg tasks with measurement errors comparable to marker-based motion capture. 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spelling 2025-08-12T12:58:03.5665017 v2 69555 2025-05-22 Between-Day Reliability of Kinematic Variables Using Markerless Motion Capture for Single-Leg Squat and Single-Leg Landing Tasks b12b936789e5be3976b2f2c1c8988d4c 0000-0001-6266-2876 Chelsea Starbuck Chelsea Starbuck true false 2025-05-22 EAAS Background: Markerless motion capture has the potential to repeatedly collect biomechanical data during activities associated with injuries. Few studies have assessed reliability of this technology during single-leg tasks. Purpose: To examine the between-day reliability of trunk and lower limb kinematics during single-leg squat and single-leg landing tasks using markerless motion capture. To examine the between-day reliability of the same protocol using marker-based motion capture. Design: Reliability. Methods: Nineteen recreational athletes performed all tasks in two sessions, one week apart. Joint angles of trunk, hip, knee, and ankle were processed using Theia3D. A separate study (10 different participants) evaluated the reliability of marker-based motion capture. Full curve analysis was examined using root mean square difference (RMSD) and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) and discrete point analysis (initial contact and peak knee flexion) using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and standard error of measurement (SEM). Results: For full curve analysis, markerless motion capture demonstrated low mean RMSD for all joints and planes in both SLS (3.6˚±1.3˚) and landing tasks (forward=3.2˚±1.3˚; medial=3.4˚±1.7˚). SPM showed statistical difference for bilateral hip flexion (full curve) and unilateral hip adduction, rotation, and knee flexion during a percentage of landing tasks. For discrete point analysis, ICC mean indicated moderate to good reliability (SLS= 0.77; forward landing= 0.83; medial landing= 0.80) with low mean SEM values (SLS=3.1°±1.3˚; forward landing=2.3˚±0.9°; medial landing=2.3˚±0.8˚). Marker-based motion capture showed slightly higher mean RMSD (SLS=4.2˚±1.8˚; forward landing=3.5˚±1.0˚; medial landing=3.3˚±0.9) and SEM values (SLS=4.1˚±2.2˚; forward landing=2.7˚±1.2°; medial landing=2.8˚±1.2˚). ICC mean showed good relative reliability (SLS=0.90; forward landing=0.88; medial landing=0.88). Hip flexion presented values >5° across tasks and technologies (5° to 8°). Conclusions: Markerless motion capture using Theia3D can reliably measure single-leg tasks with measurement errors comparable to marker-based motion capture. The low measurement error provides confidence for the regular monitoring of athletes during single-leg tasks. Journal Article International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 20 8 1160 1175 North American Sports Medicine Institute (NASMI) 2159-2896 repeatability, measurement error, pose estimation, deep learning 1 8 2025 2025-08-01 10.26603/​001c.141870 COLLEGE NANME Engineering and Applied Sciences School COLLEGE CODE EAAS Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee This work was supported by the University of Salford and Machine Learning in Athletics. 2025-08-12T12:58:03.5665017 2025-05-22T13:33:19.6684150 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences Matias Yoma 1 Lee Herrington 2 Chelsea Starbuck 0000-0001-6266-2876 3 Luis Llurda-Almuzara 4 Richard Jones 5 69555__34944__2b8c4172f99e472d8a3cc1d52e674058.pdf 69555.VOR.pdf 2025-08-12T12:48:01.9343160 Output 955406 application/pdf Version of Record true © The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-4.0). true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
title Between-Day Reliability of Kinematic Variables Using Markerless Motion Capture for Single-Leg Squat and Single-Leg Landing Tasks
spellingShingle Between-Day Reliability of Kinematic Variables Using Markerless Motion Capture for Single-Leg Squat and Single-Leg Landing Tasks
Chelsea Starbuck
title_short Between-Day Reliability of Kinematic Variables Using Markerless Motion Capture for Single-Leg Squat and Single-Leg Landing Tasks
title_full Between-Day Reliability of Kinematic Variables Using Markerless Motion Capture for Single-Leg Squat and Single-Leg Landing Tasks
title_fullStr Between-Day Reliability of Kinematic Variables Using Markerless Motion Capture for Single-Leg Squat and Single-Leg Landing Tasks
title_full_unstemmed Between-Day Reliability of Kinematic Variables Using Markerless Motion Capture for Single-Leg Squat and Single-Leg Landing Tasks
title_sort Between-Day Reliability of Kinematic Variables Using Markerless Motion Capture for Single-Leg Squat and Single-Leg Landing Tasks
author_id_str_mv b12b936789e5be3976b2f2c1c8988d4c
author_id_fullname_str_mv b12b936789e5be3976b2f2c1c8988d4c_***_Chelsea Starbuck
author Chelsea Starbuck
author2 Matias Yoma
Lee Herrington
Chelsea Starbuck
Luis Llurda-Almuzara
Richard Jones
format Journal article
container_title International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
container_volume 20
container_issue 8
container_start_page 1160
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 2159-2896
doi_str_mv 10.26603/​001c.141870
publisher North American Sports Medicine Institute (NASMI)
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Background: Markerless motion capture has the potential to repeatedly collect biomechanical data during activities associated with injuries. Few studies have assessed reliability of this technology during single-leg tasks. Purpose: To examine the between-day reliability of trunk and lower limb kinematics during single-leg squat and single-leg landing tasks using markerless motion capture. To examine the between-day reliability of the same protocol using marker-based motion capture. Design: Reliability. Methods: Nineteen recreational athletes performed all tasks in two sessions, one week apart. Joint angles of trunk, hip, knee, and ankle were processed using Theia3D. A separate study (10 different participants) evaluated the reliability of marker-based motion capture. Full curve analysis was examined using root mean square difference (RMSD) and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) and discrete point analysis (initial contact and peak knee flexion) using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and standard error of measurement (SEM). Results: For full curve analysis, markerless motion capture demonstrated low mean RMSD for all joints and planes in both SLS (3.6˚±1.3˚) and landing tasks (forward=3.2˚±1.3˚; medial=3.4˚±1.7˚). SPM showed statistical difference for bilateral hip flexion (full curve) and unilateral hip adduction, rotation, and knee flexion during a percentage of landing tasks. For discrete point analysis, ICC mean indicated moderate to good reliability (SLS= 0.77; forward landing= 0.83; medial landing= 0.80) with low mean SEM values (SLS=3.1°±1.3˚; forward landing=2.3˚±0.9°; medial landing=2.3˚±0.8˚). Marker-based motion capture showed slightly higher mean RMSD (SLS=4.2˚±1.8˚; forward landing=3.5˚±1.0˚; medial landing=3.3˚±0.9) and SEM values (SLS=4.1˚±2.2˚; forward landing=2.7˚±1.2°; medial landing=2.8˚±1.2˚). ICC mean showed good relative reliability (SLS=0.90; forward landing=0.88; medial landing=0.88). Hip flexion presented values >5° across tasks and technologies (5° to 8°). Conclusions: Markerless motion capture using Theia3D can reliably measure single-leg tasks with measurement errors comparable to marker-based motion capture. The low measurement error provides confidence for the regular monitoring of athletes during single-leg tasks.
published_date 2025-08-01T05:24:15Z
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score 11.089988

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