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Falling and Landing Framework (FLF): A Consensus on a Novel Falling and Landing Video Analysis Framework for Use Across Rugby Codes

Freja J. Petrie, James Stephen Woodward Orcid Logo, Shreya McLeod, Stephen William West, Danielle Salmon, Andrew J. Gardner Orcid Logo, Isla J. Shill, Janelle Romanchuk, Kathryn Dane Orcid Logo, Matthew Kitchin, Ben Jones Orcid Logo, Kelly Mackintosh Orcid Logo, Chelsea Starbuck Orcid Logo, Sharief Hendricks Orcid Logo, Gemma Philips, Sam Jones, Gregory Tierney, Melitta McNarry Orcid Logo

European Journal of Sport Science, Volume: 25, Issue: 8

Swansea University Authors: Kelly Mackintosh Orcid Logo, Chelsea Starbuck Orcid Logo, Melitta McNarry Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1002/ejsc.70015

Abstract

Understanding how players experience head-acceleration events (HAE) whilst playing rugby is a priority area of research. In both rugby union and league, video analysis frameworks have been developed to comprehensively define key features of contact events. However, these frameworks were developed pr...

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Published in: European Journal of Sport Science
ISSN: 1746-1391 1536-7290
Published: Wiley 2025
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa69843
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Subsequently, a draft framework was developed on which the research team provided feedback via online meetings, culminating in the Falling/Landing Framework that each member of the research team rated agreement on, via a 9-point Likert-type scale, with consensus deemed to be reached when the median score was &#x2265; 7. The median scores were 8.0 (7.8 - 8.0), 8.0 (7.0 - 9.0), and 8.0 (8.0 - 9.0) for &#x2018;Additional Contextual Characteristics for Carry and Tackle Events,&#x2019; &#x2018;Falling Characteristics of Tackle and Carry Events,&#x2019; and &#x2018;Landing Characteristics of Tackle and Carry Events,&#x2019; respectively. 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spelling 2025-07-15T13:46:05.4230384 v2 69843 2025-06-30 Falling and Landing Framework (FLF): A Consensus on a Novel Falling and Landing Video Analysis Framework for Use Across Rugby Codes bdb20e3f31bcccf95c7bc116070c4214 0000-0003-0355-6357 Kelly Mackintosh Kelly Mackintosh true false b12b936789e5be3976b2f2c1c8988d4c 0000-0001-6266-2876 Chelsea Starbuck Chelsea Starbuck true false 062f5697ff59f004bc8c713955988398 0000-0003-0813-7477 Melitta McNarry Melitta McNarry true false 2025-06-30 EAAS Understanding how players experience head-acceleration events (HAE) whilst playing rugby is a priority area of research. In both rugby union and league, video analysis frameworks have been developed to comprehensively define key features of contact events. However, these frameworks were developed prior to recent advances in our understanding regarding the proportion of HAEs that occur due to head-to-ground mechanisms and do not consider important post-contact variables. Therefore, there is a need to supplement the existing frameworks in order to capture how players fall and land post-tackle. This study used the Delphi method with an interdisciplinary, international team of researchers, coaches, and video analysts (working with a variety of playing levels in rugby union and league) to establish a consensus for defining falling and landing events. Subsequently, a draft framework was developed on which the research team provided feedback via online meetings, culminating in the Falling/Landing Framework that each member of the research team rated agreement on, via a 9-point Likert-type scale, with consensus deemed to be reached when the median score was ≥ 7. The median scores were 8.0 (7.8 - 8.0), 8.0 (7.0 - 9.0), and 8.0 (8.0 - 9.0) for ‘Additional Contextual Characteristics for Carry and Tackle Events,’ ‘Falling Characteristics of Tackle and Carry Events,’ and ‘Landing Characteristics of Tackle and Carry Events,’ respectively. This novel framework defines more comprehensive falling and landing variables to capture post-contact injury and performance markers in both rugby union and league, through a standardised approach. Journal Article European Journal of Sport Science 25 8 Wiley 1746-1391 1536-7290 analysis; game analysis; injury and prevention; team sport 1 8 2025 2025-08-01 10.1002/ejsc.70015 COLLEGE NANME Engineering and Applied Sciences School COLLEGE CODE EAAS Swansea University Another institution paid the OA fee The authors received no specific funding for this work. 2025-07-15T13:46:05.4230384 2025-06-30T10:28:36.7901544 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences Freja J. Petrie 1 James Stephen Woodward 0000-0002-6402-2554 2 Shreya McLeod 3 Stephen William West 4 Danielle Salmon 5 Andrew J. Gardner 0000-0001-5031-5586 6 Isla J. Shill 7 Janelle Romanchuk 8 Kathryn Dane 0000-0001-8083-6278 9 Matthew Kitchin 10 Ben Jones 0000-0002-4274-6236 11 Kelly Mackintosh 0000-0003-0355-6357 12 Chelsea Starbuck 0000-0001-6266-2876 13 Sharief Hendricks 0000-0002-3416-6266 14 Gemma Philips 15 Sam Jones 16 Gregory Tierney 17 Melitta McNarry 0000-0003-0813-7477 18 69843__34772__081f01d3923747fba3fbcdfbe8ff9fe5.pdf 69843.VoR.pdf 2025-07-15T13:43:46.5364185 Output 1272653 application/pdf Version of Record true © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. true eng http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title Falling and Landing Framework (FLF): A Consensus on a Novel Falling and Landing Video Analysis Framework for Use Across Rugby Codes
spellingShingle Falling and Landing Framework (FLF): A Consensus on a Novel Falling and Landing Video Analysis Framework for Use Across Rugby Codes
Kelly Mackintosh
Chelsea Starbuck
Melitta McNarry
title_short Falling and Landing Framework (FLF): A Consensus on a Novel Falling and Landing Video Analysis Framework for Use Across Rugby Codes
title_full Falling and Landing Framework (FLF): A Consensus on a Novel Falling and Landing Video Analysis Framework for Use Across Rugby Codes
title_fullStr Falling and Landing Framework (FLF): A Consensus on a Novel Falling and Landing Video Analysis Framework for Use Across Rugby Codes
title_full_unstemmed Falling and Landing Framework (FLF): A Consensus on a Novel Falling and Landing Video Analysis Framework for Use Across Rugby Codes
title_sort Falling and Landing Framework (FLF): A Consensus on a Novel Falling and Landing Video Analysis Framework for Use Across Rugby Codes
author_id_str_mv bdb20e3f31bcccf95c7bc116070c4214
b12b936789e5be3976b2f2c1c8988d4c
062f5697ff59f004bc8c713955988398
author_id_fullname_str_mv bdb20e3f31bcccf95c7bc116070c4214_***_Kelly Mackintosh
b12b936789e5be3976b2f2c1c8988d4c_***_Chelsea Starbuck
062f5697ff59f004bc8c713955988398_***_Melitta McNarry
author Kelly Mackintosh
Chelsea Starbuck
Melitta McNarry
author2 Freja J. Petrie
James Stephen Woodward
Shreya McLeod
Stephen William West
Danielle Salmon
Andrew J. Gardner
Isla J. Shill
Janelle Romanchuk
Kathryn Dane
Matthew Kitchin
Ben Jones
Kelly Mackintosh
Chelsea Starbuck
Sharief Hendricks
Gemma Philips
Sam Jones
Gregory Tierney
Melitta McNarry
format Journal article
container_title European Journal of Sport Science
container_volume 25
container_issue 8
publishDate 2025
institution Swansea University
issn 1746-1391
1536-7290
doi_str_mv 10.1002/ejsc.70015
publisher Wiley
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchytype
hierarchy_top_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Sport and Exercise Sciences
document_store_str 1
active_str 0
description Understanding how players experience head-acceleration events (HAE) whilst playing rugby is a priority area of research. In both rugby union and league, video analysis frameworks have been developed to comprehensively define key features of contact events. However, these frameworks were developed prior to recent advances in our understanding regarding the proportion of HAEs that occur due to head-to-ground mechanisms and do not consider important post-contact variables. Therefore, there is a need to supplement the existing frameworks in order to capture how players fall and land post-tackle. This study used the Delphi method with an interdisciplinary, international team of researchers, coaches, and video analysts (working with a variety of playing levels in rugby union and league) to establish a consensus for defining falling and landing events. Subsequently, a draft framework was developed on which the research team provided feedback via online meetings, culminating in the Falling/Landing Framework that each member of the research team rated agreement on, via a 9-point Likert-type scale, with consensus deemed to be reached when the median score was ≥ 7. The median scores were 8.0 (7.8 - 8.0), 8.0 (7.0 - 9.0), and 8.0 (8.0 - 9.0) for ‘Additional Contextual Characteristics for Carry and Tackle Events,’ ‘Falling Characteristics of Tackle and Carry Events,’ and ‘Landing Characteristics of Tackle and Carry Events,’ respectively. This novel framework defines more comprehensive falling and landing variables to capture post-contact injury and performance markers in both rugby union and league, through a standardised approach.
published_date 2025-08-01T05:25:44Z
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score 11.090091

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