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Identifying Dominant Recombination Mechanisms in Perovskite Solar Cells by Measuring the Transient Ideality Factor

Phil Calado, Dan Burkitt, Jizhong Yao, Joel Troughton, Trystan Watson Orcid Logo, Matt J. Carnie, Andrew M. Telford, Brian C. O’Regan, Jenny Nelson Orcid Logo, Piers R.F. Barnes, Matt Carnie Orcid Logo

Physical Review Applied, Volume: 11, Issue: 4

Swansea University Authors: Trystan Watson Orcid Logo, Jenny Nelson Orcid Logo, Matt Carnie Orcid Logo

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DOI (Published version): 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.11.044005

Abstract

The light ideality factor determined by measuring the open-circuit voltage (V) as a function of light intensity is often used to identify the dominant recombination mechanism in solar cells. Applying this “Suns-V” technique to perovskite cells is problematic since the V evolves with time in a way th...

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Published in: Physical Review Applied
ISSN: 2331-7019
Published: American Physical Society 2019
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URI: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa49970
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Applying this &#x201C;Suns-V&#x201D; technique to perovskite cells is problematic since the V evolves with time in a way that depends on the previously applied bias (V), bias light intensity, device architecture and processing route. Here, we show that the dominant recombination mechanism in two structurally similar CH3NH3PbI3 devices containing either mesoporous Al2O3 or TiO2 layers can be identified from the signature of the transient ideality factor following application of a forward bias, V, to the device in the dark. The transient ideality factor is measured by monitoring the evolution of V as a function of time at different light intensities. The initial values of ideality found using this technique are consistent with estimates of the ideality factor obtained from measurements of photoluminescence vs light intensity and electroluminescence vs current density. Time-dependent simulations of the measurement on modeled devices, which include the effects of mobile ionic charge, reveal that this initial value can be correlated to an existing zero-dimensional model while steady-state values must be analyzed taking into account the homogeneity of carrier populations throughout the absorber layer. The analysis shows that Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination through deep traps at the charge-collection interfaces is dominant in both architectures of measured device. Using transient photovoltage measurements directly following illumination on bifacial devices, we further show that the perovskite&#x2013;electron-transport-layer interface extends throughout the mesoporous TiO2 layer, consistent with a transient ideality signature corresponding to SRH recombination in the bulk of the film. This method will be useful for identifying performance bottlenecks in alternative variants of perovskite and other mixed ionic-electronic conducting absorber-based solar cells.</abstract><type>Journal Article</type><journal>Physical Review Applied</journal><volume>11</volume><journalNumber>4</journalNumber><publisher>American Physical Society</publisher><issnElectronic>2331-7019</issnElectronic><keywords>Energy research, Optoelectronics, Semiconductor Physics</keywords><publishedDay>31</publishedDay><publishedMonth>12</publishedMonth><publishedYear>2019</publishedYear><publishedDate>2019-12-31</publishedDate><doi>10.1103/PhysRevApplied.11.044005</doi><url/><notes/><college>COLLEGE NANME</college><department>Materials Science and Engineering</department><CollegeCode>COLLEGE CODE</CollegeCode><DepartmentCode>MTLS</DepartmentCode><institution>Swansea University</institution><degreesponsorsfunders>UKRI, EP/N020863/1</degreesponsorsfunders><apcterm/><lastEdited>2019-04-11T12:39:30.1191990</lastEdited><Created>2019-04-11T12:32:20.7913010</Created><path><level id="1">Faculty of Science and Engineering</level><level id="2">School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering</level></path><authors><author><firstname>Phil</firstname><surname>Calado</surname><order>1</order></author><author><firstname>Dan</firstname><surname>Burkitt</surname><order>2</order></author><author><firstname>Jizhong</firstname><surname>Yao</surname><order>3</order></author><author><firstname>Joel</firstname><surname>Troughton</surname><order>4</order></author><author><firstname>Trystan</firstname><surname>Watson</surname><orcid>0000-0002-8015-1436</orcid><order>5</order></author><author><firstname>Matt J.</firstname><surname>Carnie</surname><order>6</order></author><author><firstname>Andrew M.</firstname><surname>Telford</surname><order>7</order></author><author><firstname>Brian C.</firstname><surname>O&#x2019;Regan</surname><order>8</order></author><author><firstname>Jenny</firstname><surname>Nelson</surname><orcid>0000-0003-1048-1330</orcid><order>9</order></author><author><firstname>Piers R.F.</firstname><surname>Barnes</surname><order>10</order></author><author><firstname>Matt</firstname><surname>Carnie</surname><orcid>0000-0002-4232-1967</orcid><order>11</order></author></authors><documents><document><filename>0049970-11042019123333.pdf</filename><originalFilename>APCE061.PhysRevApplied.11.044005.pdf</originalFilename><uploaded>2019-04-11T12:33:33.1470000</uploaded><type>Output</type><contentLength>1101878</contentLength><contentType>application/pdf</contentType><version>Version of Record</version><cronfaStatus>true</cronfaStatus><embargoDate>2019-04-11T00:00:00.0000000</embargoDate><documentNotes>Distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution CC-BY 4.0 Licence.</documentNotes><copyrightCorrect>true</copyrightCorrect><language>eng</language></document></documents><OutputDurs/></rfc1807>
spelling 2019-04-11T12:39:30.1191990 v2 49970 2019-04-11 Identifying Dominant Recombination Mechanisms in Perovskite Solar Cells by Measuring the Transient Ideality Factor a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457 0000-0002-8015-1436 Trystan Watson Trystan Watson true false e0e41c0bb2b9cae677f7fbbf88abe590 0000-0003-1048-1330 Jenny Nelson Jenny Nelson true false 73b367694366a646b90bb15db32bb8c0 0000-0002-4232-1967 Matt Carnie Matt Carnie true false 2019-04-11 MTLS The light ideality factor determined by measuring the open-circuit voltage (V) as a function of light intensity is often used to identify the dominant recombination mechanism in solar cells. Applying this “Suns-V” technique to perovskite cells is problematic since the V evolves with time in a way that depends on the previously applied bias (V), bias light intensity, device architecture and processing route. Here, we show that the dominant recombination mechanism in two structurally similar CH3NH3PbI3 devices containing either mesoporous Al2O3 or TiO2 layers can be identified from the signature of the transient ideality factor following application of a forward bias, V, to the device in the dark. The transient ideality factor is measured by monitoring the evolution of V as a function of time at different light intensities. The initial values of ideality found using this technique are consistent with estimates of the ideality factor obtained from measurements of photoluminescence vs light intensity and electroluminescence vs current density. Time-dependent simulations of the measurement on modeled devices, which include the effects of mobile ionic charge, reveal that this initial value can be correlated to an existing zero-dimensional model while steady-state values must be analyzed taking into account the homogeneity of carrier populations throughout the absorber layer. The analysis shows that Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination through deep traps at the charge-collection interfaces is dominant in both architectures of measured device. Using transient photovoltage measurements directly following illumination on bifacial devices, we further show that the perovskite–electron-transport-layer interface extends throughout the mesoporous TiO2 layer, consistent with a transient ideality signature corresponding to SRH recombination in the bulk of the film. This method will be useful for identifying performance bottlenecks in alternative variants of perovskite and other mixed ionic-electronic conducting absorber-based solar cells. Journal Article Physical Review Applied 11 4 American Physical Society 2331-7019 Energy research, Optoelectronics, Semiconductor Physics 31 12 2019 2019-12-31 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.11.044005 COLLEGE NANME Materials Science and Engineering COLLEGE CODE MTLS Swansea University UKRI, EP/N020863/1 2019-04-11T12:39:30.1191990 2019-04-11T12:32:20.7913010 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering Phil Calado 1 Dan Burkitt 2 Jizhong Yao 3 Joel Troughton 4 Trystan Watson 0000-0002-8015-1436 5 Matt J. Carnie 6 Andrew M. Telford 7 Brian C. O’Regan 8 Jenny Nelson 0000-0003-1048-1330 9 Piers R.F. Barnes 10 Matt Carnie 0000-0002-4232-1967 11 0049970-11042019123333.pdf APCE061.PhysRevApplied.11.044005.pdf 2019-04-11T12:33:33.1470000 Output 1101878 application/pdf Version of Record true 2019-04-11T00:00:00.0000000 Distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution CC-BY 4.0 Licence. true eng
title Identifying Dominant Recombination Mechanisms in Perovskite Solar Cells by Measuring the Transient Ideality Factor
spellingShingle Identifying Dominant Recombination Mechanisms in Perovskite Solar Cells by Measuring the Transient Ideality Factor
Trystan Watson
Jenny Nelson
Matt Carnie
title_short Identifying Dominant Recombination Mechanisms in Perovskite Solar Cells by Measuring the Transient Ideality Factor
title_full Identifying Dominant Recombination Mechanisms in Perovskite Solar Cells by Measuring the Transient Ideality Factor
title_fullStr Identifying Dominant Recombination Mechanisms in Perovskite Solar Cells by Measuring the Transient Ideality Factor
title_full_unstemmed Identifying Dominant Recombination Mechanisms in Perovskite Solar Cells by Measuring the Transient Ideality Factor
title_sort Identifying Dominant Recombination Mechanisms in Perovskite Solar Cells by Measuring the Transient Ideality Factor
author_id_str_mv a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457
e0e41c0bb2b9cae677f7fbbf88abe590
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author_id_fullname_str_mv a210327b52472cfe8df9b8108d661457_***_Trystan Watson
e0e41c0bb2b9cae677f7fbbf88abe590_***_Jenny Nelson
73b367694366a646b90bb15db32bb8c0_***_Matt Carnie
author Trystan Watson
Jenny Nelson
Matt Carnie
author2 Phil Calado
Dan Burkitt
Jizhong Yao
Joel Troughton
Trystan Watson
Matt J. Carnie
Andrew M. Telford
Brian C. O’Regan
Jenny Nelson
Piers R.F. Barnes
Matt Carnie
format Journal article
container_title Physical Review Applied
container_volume 11
container_issue 4
publishDate 2019
institution Swansea University
issn 2331-7019
doi_str_mv 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.11.044005
publisher American Physical Society
college_str Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Engineering and Applied Sciences - Materials Science and Engineering
document_store_str 1
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description The light ideality factor determined by measuring the open-circuit voltage (V) as a function of light intensity is often used to identify the dominant recombination mechanism in solar cells. Applying this “Suns-V” technique to perovskite cells is problematic since the V evolves with time in a way that depends on the previously applied bias (V), bias light intensity, device architecture and processing route. Here, we show that the dominant recombination mechanism in two structurally similar CH3NH3PbI3 devices containing either mesoporous Al2O3 or TiO2 layers can be identified from the signature of the transient ideality factor following application of a forward bias, V, to the device in the dark. The transient ideality factor is measured by monitoring the evolution of V as a function of time at different light intensities. The initial values of ideality found using this technique are consistent with estimates of the ideality factor obtained from measurements of photoluminescence vs light intensity and electroluminescence vs current density. Time-dependent simulations of the measurement on modeled devices, which include the effects of mobile ionic charge, reveal that this initial value can be correlated to an existing zero-dimensional model while steady-state values must be analyzed taking into account the homogeneity of carrier populations throughout the absorber layer. The analysis shows that Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination through deep traps at the charge-collection interfaces is dominant in both architectures of measured device. Using transient photovoltage measurements directly following illumination on bifacial devices, we further show that the perovskite–electron-transport-layer interface extends throughout the mesoporous TiO2 layer, consistent with a transient ideality signature corresponding to SRH recombination in the bulk of the film. This method will be useful for identifying performance bottlenecks in alternative variants of perovskite and other mixed ionic-electronic conducting absorber-based solar cells.
published_date 2019-12-31T04:01:15Z
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