Stress-Mediated Responses of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae When Exposed to Metarhizium brunneum (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera: Culicidae)

Wood, Martyn; Alkhaibari, Abeer M; Butt, Tariq

doi:10.1093/jme/tjac110

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Stress-Mediated Responses of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae When Exposed to Metarhizium brunneum (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera: Culicidae)

Martyn Wood, Abeer M Alkhaibari

, Tariq Butt

Journal of Medical Entomology, Volume: 59, Issue: 5, Pages: 1732 - 1740

Swansea University Authors: Martyn Wood, Tariq Butt

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DOI (Published version): 10.1093/jme/tjac110

Abstract

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are capable of vectoring a wide range of diseases including dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses, with approximately half of the worlds’ population at risk from such diseases. Development of combined predator–parasite treatments for the control of larvae consistently demon...

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Published in:	Journal of Medical Entomology
ISSN:	0022-2585 1938-2928
Published:	Oxford University Press (OUP) 2022
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URI:	https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa61420
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spelling	2023-01-19T10:33:20.6641732 v2 61420 2022-10-05 Stress-Mediated Responses of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae When Exposed to Metarhizium brunneum (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera: Culicidae) a5b65490dddd5e965ab6623bc2c7022d Martyn Wood Martyn Wood true false 85d1c2ddde272a1176e74978e25ebece 0000-0002-8789-9543 Tariq Butt Tariq Butt true false 2022-10-05 FGSEN Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are capable of vectoring a wide range of diseases including dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses, with approximately half of the worlds’ population at risk from such diseases. Development of combined predator–parasite treatments for the control of larvae consistently demonstrates increased efficacy over single-agent treatments, however, the mechanism behind the interaction remains unknown. Treatments using the natural predator Toxorhynchites brevipalpis and the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum were applied in the laboratory against Ae. aegypti larvae as both individual and combined treatments to determine the levels of interaction between control strategies. Parallel experiments involved the removal of larvae from test arenas at set intervals during the course of the trial to record whole body caspase and phenoloxidase activities. This was measured via luminometric assay to measure larval stress factors underlying the interactions. Combined Metarhizium and Toxorhynchites treatments were seen to drastically reduce lethal times as compared to individual treatments. This was accompanied by increased phenoloxidase and caspase activities in combination treatments after 18 h (p < 0.001). The sharp increases in caspase and phenoloxidase activities suggest that combined treatments act to increase stress factor responses in the larvae that result in rapid mortality above that of either control agent individually. This work concludes that the underlying mechanism for increased lethality in combined parasite–predator treatments may be related to additive stress factors induced within the target host larvae. Journal Article Journal of Medical Entomology 59 5 1732 1740 Oxford University Press (OUP) 0022-2585 1938-2928 Aedes, Toxorhynchites, Metarhizium, caspase, phenoloxidase 14 9 2022 2022-09-14 10.1093/jme/tjac110 COLLEGE NANME Science and Engineering - Faculty COLLEGE CODE FGSEN Swansea University SU Library paid the OA fee (TA Institutional Deal) This research has been supported by the Knowledge Economy Skills Scholarships (KESS 2) initiative; part funded by the Welsh Government’s European Social Fund (ESF) convergence program for West Wales and the Valleys with industry support from AgriSense BCS Ltd., alongside the Deanship of Scientific Research, University of Tabuk, Grant no. S-1440-0214. 2023-01-19T10:33:20.6641732 2022-10-05T08:26:16.2468539 Faculty of Science and Engineering School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences Martyn Wood 1 Abeer M Alkhaibari 0000-0003-4376-2438 2 Tariq Butt 0000-0002-8789-9543 3 61420__25585__586faea6ce5b4d50b04840f31d6a2cf7.pdf 61420_VoR.pdf 2022-10-25T17:44:43.5514327 Output 1396362 application/pdf Version of Record true © The Author(s) 2022. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License true eng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
title	Stress-Mediated Responses of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae When Exposed to Metarhizium brunneum (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera: Culicidae)
spellingShingle	Stress-Mediated Responses of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae When Exposed to Metarhizium brunneum (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera: Culicidae) Martyn Wood Tariq Butt
title_short	Stress-Mediated Responses of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae When Exposed to Metarhizium brunneum (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera: Culicidae)
title_full	Stress-Mediated Responses of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae When Exposed to Metarhizium brunneum (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera: Culicidae)
title_fullStr	Stress-Mediated Responses of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae When Exposed to Metarhizium brunneum (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera: Culicidae)
title_full_unstemmed	Stress-Mediated Responses of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae When Exposed to Metarhizium brunneum (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera: Culicidae)
title_sort	Stress-Mediated Responses of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae When Exposed to Metarhizium brunneum (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera: Culicidae)
author_id_str_mv	a5b65490dddd5e965ab6623bc2c7022d 85d1c2ddde272a1176e74978e25ebece
author_id_fullname_str_mv	a5b65490dddd5e965ab6623bc2c7022d_*_Martyn Wood 85d1c2ddde272a1176e74978e25ebece_*_Tariq Butt
author	Martyn Wood Tariq Butt
author2	Martyn Wood Abeer M Alkhaibari Tariq Butt
format	Journal article
container_title	Journal of Medical Entomology
container_volume	59
container_issue	5
container_start_page	1732
publishDate	2022
institution	Swansea University
issn	0022-2585 1938-2928
doi_str_mv	10.1093/jme/tjac110
publisher	Oxford University Press (OUP)
college_str	Faculty of Science and Engineering
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hierarchy_top_id	facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_top_title	Faculty of Science and Engineering
hierarchy_parent_id	facultyofscienceandengineering
hierarchy_parent_title	Faculty of Science and Engineering
department_str	School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences{{{_:::_}}}Faculty of Science and Engineering{{{_:::_}}}School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics - Biosciences
document_store_str	1
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description	Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are capable of vectoring a wide range of diseases including dengue, yellow fever, and Zika viruses, with approximately half of the worlds’ population at risk from such diseases. Development of combined predator–parasite treatments for the control of larvae consistently demonstrates increased efficacy over single-agent treatments, however, the mechanism behind the interaction remains unknown. Treatments using the natural predator Toxorhynchites brevipalpis and the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum were applied in the laboratory against Ae. aegypti larvae as both individual and combined treatments to determine the levels of interaction between control strategies. Parallel experiments involved the removal of larvae from test arenas at set intervals during the course of the trial to record whole body caspase and phenoloxidase activities. This was measured via luminometric assay to measure larval stress factors underlying the interactions. Combined Metarhizium and Toxorhynchites treatments were seen to drastically reduce lethal times as compared to individual treatments. This was accompanied by increased phenoloxidase and caspase activities in combination treatments after 18 h (p < 0.001). The sharp increases in caspase and phenoloxidase activities suggest that combined treatments act to increase stress factor responses in the larvae that result in rapid mortality above that of either control agent individually. This work concludes that the underlying mechanism for increased lethality in combined parasite–predator treatments may be related to additive stress factors induced within the target host larvae.
published_date	2022-09-14T04:20:14Z
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Stress-Mediated Responses of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae When Exposed to Metarhizium brunneum (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) and Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Diptera: Culicidae)

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